.1 U N 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



J UN 



769 



and mat so much, that they hold it together. On the Maese, 

 &c. they grow upwards of four feet high; and in the summer, 

 when they are fully grown, the Dutch cut them, tie them up 

 i bundles, dry them, and work them into baskets, &c. 



3. Juncus Conglomerates ; Round-headed Rush. Culm 

 naked, stiff; head lateral. Root perennial, horizontal, close, 

 covered with ovate scales ; fibres filiform, very long ; head 

 of flowers roundish. Native of Europe, on moist meadows 

 and heaths. 



4. Juncus Effucus ; Common Soft Rush. Culm naked, 

 stiff, smooth; panicle lateral, scattered, close; root-scales 

 opaque. Culm three feet high, easily broken, filled with a 

 soil pith. Flowers brownish; seeds fulvous. They are some- 

 times used for making little baskets; and the pith of both 

 makes wicks for watch-lights, and toys. This, and the next 

 species, both grow on moist, strong, uncultivated lands, in 

 most parts of England, and consume the herbage where they 

 are suffered to remain. The best method of destroying them 

 is, to fork them up clean by the roots in July, and, after 

 having let them lie a fortnight or three weeks, to put them in 

 heaps, and burn them gently : the ashes will be good manure 

 for the land. But to prevent their growing again, and to 

 make the pasture good, the land should be drained ; and 

 then, if the roots be annually drawn up, and the ground kept 

 duly rolled, the Rushes may be subdued. They flower in 

 July and August. Native of Europe, in wet meadows, 

 marshes, &c. 



5. Juncus Tenax ; Common Hard Rush. Culm naked, stiff, 

 striated; panicle lateral, thin; root-scales shining. Root 

 perennial. It is common in pastures and by road-sides, in a 

 moist soil, in England, Madeira, and New Zealand. 



6. Juncus Inflexus ; Bending Soft Rush. Culm, naked, 

 inembranaceous, and curved in at top ; panicle lateral. Roots 

 tufted ; flowers abundant, on many peduncles, issuing from 

 a cleft in the culm. This has often been mistaken for the 

 preceding. Native of the south of Europe, in clear water, 

 upon a strong soil. 



7. Juncus Filiformis; Least Soft Rush. Culm naked, fili- 

 form, nodding; panicle lateral. Roots perennial, horizontal, 

 creeping ; peduncles mostly simple, bearing one flower, rarely 

 more, triangular, furnished with a few sheath-like scales at 

 their base; seeds small, numerous. Native of Lapland, 

 Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and Britain, where it has been 

 observed on turf-bogs near Ambleside in Westmoreland ; at 

 AV'inderinere in Cartmel ; near Derwentwater in Cumberland ; 

 and on Ben Lawers in Scotland. 



8. Juncus Trifidus ; Three-flowered Rush. Culm naked; 

 leaves and three flowers terminating. Root perennial, woody, 

 striking deep, creeping with blackish fibres, putting forth 

 close tufts of stems and leaves. Native of Lapland, Denmark, 

 Switzerland, France, Silesia, and of Scotland on the summits 

 of the Highland mountains. 



9. Juncus Squarrosus ; Moss Rush, or Goose Corn. Culm 

 naked; leaves bristle-shaped ; heads glomerate, leafless. Root 

 perennial. Horses are said to eat it. It indicates a barren 

 soil ; and the leaves, lying close to the ground, elude the 

 stroke of the scythe. It flowers in June and July ; and is 

 found on moist heathy ground, and turf-bogs, all over Europe. 



10. Juucus Functorius ; Prickly Rush. Culm naked, 

 round; leaf round, jointed, mucronate; panicle glomerate. 

 Root-leaves none. Native of the Cape. 



11. Juncns Bicornis. Culm erect, naked; leaves subce- 

 taceous, cacniculate, plain; involucre cetaceous, diphyllous, 

 erect; flowers distinct; calix linear, lanceolate, very sharp. 

 Found in Carolina and Georgia, in sandy wet fields near ponds. 



12. Juncus Setaceus. Culm naked, filiform, waving ; 

 VOL. i. 65. 



umbels lateral, compound, with but few flowers ; peduncles 

 with many flowers ; calix subulate. Found in low grounds 

 from Virginia to Canada. 



13. Juncus Marginatus. Leaves plain, glabrous ; corymb 

 terminal, simple, proliferous. Found on dry shady hills in 

 Pennsylvania. 



* With leafy Culms. 



14. Juncus Nodosus; Knotty Rush. Leaves knotted, 

 jointed , petals mucronate. Native of North America. 



15. Juncus Compressus ; Lesser Jointed Rush. Culm 

 leafy, decumbent; leaves compressed, knotted-jointed ; pani- 

 cle compound. Root perennial, horizontal, woody, round, 

 fibrose. Native of meadows and marshes. 



16. Juncus Nemorosus; Greater Jointed Rush. Culm 

 leafy, erect; leaves roundish, knotted-jointed; panicle super- 

 decompound. Native of moist woods. 



17. Juncus Uliginosus ; Least Jointed Rush. Culm leafy ; 

 flowers in bundles; bundles proliferous; leaves bristle-shaped, 

 jointed-knotted. This differs from the two preceding species 

 in having either all the flowers, or a few of them, growing 

 out into green and purple bundles of leaves. It also fre- 

 quently produces bunches of reddish leaves, instead of umbels 

 of flowers, in bogs and ditches in the autumn. These leaves 

 seem to put on this appearance from some obstruction in the 

 growth of the plant, occasioned by an insect of the Coccus 

 tribe. Native of wet heaths and bogs ; as of Gamlingay 

 heath, Bullington green, and Eynsham heath, &c. 



18. Juncus Alpinus; Alpine Jointed Rush. Culm leafy; 

 leaves sessile, jointed-knotted ; panicle simple; glumes awned. 

 Native of the Alps, and mountains of Dauphiny. 



19. Juncus Bulbosus; Bulbous Rush. Leaves linear, 

 channelled ; capsules blunt. Root perennial, horizontal, 

 extremely fibrose; flowers solitary, small, coloured, termi- 

 nating, most usually in threes, the middle one axillary, sessile. 

 With us, this Rush varies in height from two inches to two 

 feet, and is sometimes viviparous. It flowers in August. 

 Native of wet meadows, heaths, and of the sea-coast. 



20. Juncus Bufonius ; Toad Rush. Culm dichotomous ; 

 leaves angular; flowers solitary, sessile. Root annual, fibrose. 

 It flowers from May to August. Native of wet gravelly or 

 sandy pastures, especially where water stagnates in winter. 



21. Juncus Stygius. Leaves bristle-shaped, somewhat 

 depressed ; peduncles in pairs, terminating ; glumes solitary, 

 subbiflorous. Root perennial, simple, jointed, with solitary 

 radicles, covered with the remains of the leaves of the pre- 

 ceding year. Linneus obtained it from Lapland. Native of 

 the woody bogs of Sweden. 



22. Juncus Jacquini. Leaf awl-shaped ; head terminating, 

 four-flowered, or thereabouts. Root perennial, brown, hori- 

 zontal, knobbed, sending forth very long fibres perpendicu- 

 larly. Native of the Alps; flowering in June. 



23. Juncus Biglumis Leaf awl-shaped ; glume two-flow- 

 ered, terminating. Root perennial, fibrose, simple, perpen- 

 dicular. Culm an inch high. Native of the Lapland Alps. 



24. Juncus Triglumis. Leaves flat ; glume three-flowered, 

 terminating. Culms in tufts, three inches high or more, soft, 

 covered at the base with brown sheaths. Native of the Lap- 

 land Alps, Denmark, Switzerland. Austria, Italy, and Siberia. 



25. Juncus Pilosus ; Small Hairy Wood-Rush. Leaves 

 flat, hairy ; corymb somewhat branched ; flowers solitary. 

 Root perennial, with numerous brown fibres, and short pointed 

 shoots, so that it is somewhat creeping; culms many, about 

 a span or more in length, nearly upright ; root-leaves nume- 

 rous, three or four inches long ; flowers forming a spreading 

 panicle. This is found only in woods and shady situations, 

 which perhaps accounts for its flowering earlier than any of 



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