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J U N 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 



J U N 



moderate hot-bed, it will greatly promote their taking new 

 root : they must be screened from the powerful heat of the 

 sun till they have taken root, and may then be gradually 

 exposed to the open air : if you suffer the pots to remain 

 plunged all the summer, it will preserve the earth in them 

 from drying so fast as it would, if they were set upon the 

 ground. In October, you should again remove these plants 

 into shelter, or else plunge their pots into the ground, under 

 a warm hedge, where they may be protected from the cold 

 north and east winds ; and in the spring following, you must 

 shift the plants into pots of a larger size, taking away some 

 of the earth from the outside of the ball, and adding some 

 fresh : after this, continue to manage them as was before 

 directed, until you plant them out in the places where they 

 are designed to remain, which should not be done till they 

 are four or five years old, by which time they will be strong 

 enough to bear the cold of our common winters. The reason 

 for directing these plants to be preserved in pots, until they 

 are planted out for good, is, because they are difficult to 

 transplant, and, being tender, will require some shelter while 

 young : and whoever observes the method here laid down, 

 will find the plants so managed to gain two years' growth in 

 six, from those raised in the open air, besides being less 

 liable to be destroyed ; and as the trouble and expense of 

 raising them this way is not great, it is worth practising, 

 since in a few years the trees will recompense the trouble. 



4.' Juniperus Chinensis ; Chinese Juniper. Leaves decur- 

 rent, imbricate, spreading, clustered ; stem-leaves in threes ; 

 branch-leaves in fours. A shrub three feet high, with twisted 

 and very spreading branches. Native of China. 



5. Juniperus Sabina; Savin. Leaves opposite, erect, de- 

 current ; the oppositions boxed. Mr. Miller makes two spe- 

 cies of the Common or Cypress-leaved and Tamarick-leaved 

 or Berry-bearing Savin, as he calls it: the former, he says, 

 has been erroneously supposed to be a mere variety : it rises 

 to the height of seven feet, and produces great quantities of 

 berries, whereas the latter very rarely produces either flowers 

 or seeds in our gardens. The latter seldom rises more than 

 three or four feet high, sending out its branches horizontally 

 to a considerable distance every way. The berries are 

 smaller than those of the Common Juniper, and the whole 

 plant has a very rank odour when handled. Native of the 

 south of Europe, and the Levant. It is more powerful in 

 its operations, as a medicine, than the Common Juniper, 

 and has been much famed as an emmenagogue ; it heats and 

 stimulates the whole system very considerably, and is said 

 to promote the fluid secretions. The leaves and tops have 

 a very strong disagreeable smell, and a hot bitterish taste ; 

 they give out their active matter to watery liquors, and still 

 more completely to rectified spirit. When distilled with 

 water, they yield a large quantity of essential oil. Decoctions 

 of the leaves inspissated to the form of an extract, retain a 

 considerable share of their pungency and warmth, together 

 with their bitterness, and have some degree of smell, but not 

 resembling that of the plant itself. On inspissating the 

 spirituous tincture, there remains an extract consisting of 

 two distinct substances ; of which one is yellow, oily, bitter- 

 ish, and very pungent; the other black, resinous, tenacious, 

 less pungent, and very astringent. Though Savin has some- 

 times failed when used as an emmenagogue, it has also been 

 sometimes found too powerful, so as to produce dangerous 

 consequences. Dr. Home used it with great success in cases 

 of amenorrhoea, given in powder, from a scruple to a drachm 

 thrice a day. Upon the whole, therefore, Savin may be 

 considered as a warm stimulant and aperient, particularly 

 serviceable in uterine obstructions, proceeding from a laxity 



of the vessels, or a cold sluggish disposition of the juices. 

 The distilled oil, in addition to the powers just mentioned, 

 in doses of two or three drops, is a strong diuretic, ;uid 

 impregnates the urine with its smell. Country people give 

 the juice, mixed with milk, to their children, in order to 

 destroy the worms, which it generally carries off by stool. 

 The leaves cut small, and given to horses mingled with their 

 corn, destroys those troublesome vermin called the bolts. 

 It may be propagated by slips, which will grow at any time. 

 The upright Savin also may be increased by slips planted in 

 moist weather in August, and kept shaded, and watered in 

 dry weather afterwards. The striped Savin must be increased 

 in the same way, from the branches which are the most 

 variegated. They may also be raised by berries, when the 

 plants produce any, and from these the most upright and 

 best plants are raised. The Common Savin should not be 

 neglecteJ, because it is so very hardy as never to be injured 

 by the severest frosts ; and, as it spreads its branches near 

 the ground, if the plants be placed on the borders of woods, 

 they will have a good effect in winter, by screening the 

 nakedness of the ground from sight. 



6. Juniperus Virginiana; Virginian Juniper, or Red Cedar. 

 Leaves in threes, fastened at the base, the younger ones 

 imbricate, the older spreading. Berry dark blue, covered 

 with a whitish resinous meal. Mr. Miller has two species. 

 The first, he says, grows naturally in most parts of North 

 America, where it is called Red Cedar, to distinguish it from 

 a sort of Cypress, which is there called White Cedar ; of 

 this there are two varieties, one of which has leaves in every 

 part like those of the Savin, and, upon being rubbed, emit a 

 very strong ungrateful odour ; this the Americans call Savin 

 Tree. The second of Miller's species has leaves like the 

 Swedish Juniper, but the upper leaves are like those of the 

 Cypress ; which difference it constantly retains. Sloane 

 says, it grows to be one of the largest and highest timber 

 trees in Jamaica, affording very large boards of a reddish 

 brown colour, close and firm contexture, shining, very odori- 

 ferous, extremely like Bermudas Cedar, but being towards its 

 outsides of a paler colour, and looser contexture : it is much 

 used for wainscoting rooms, making escritoires, cabinets, 

 &c. ; cockroaches and other insects disliking the smell of 

 it. In its native country it grows to a great height ; but 

 with us there are very few trees that exceed thirty feet 

 high, though there is no doubt of their growing larger, 

 for they thrive very fast after the first three years. They 

 are propagated by seeds, which must be procured from Vir- 

 ginia or Carolina, (for they seldom produce seeds in Eng- 

 land,) and sown as was directed for the other Junipers: but 

 as this seed cannot be procured in England till spring, so, 

 when sown at that season, it remains in the ground until 

 the succeeding spring before the plants appear ; the beds 

 therefore must remain undisturbed, and be kept clear from 

 weeds, for it is sometimes two years after sowing before 

 they come up. When the plants appear, they must be care- 

 fully weeded, and refreshed with water in dry weather, to 

 forward their growth : in the following autumn, (hey should 

 have a little rotten tan laid between them, to keep out the 

 frost; in this bed the plants may remain till they have had 

 two years' growth ; they should then be transplanted into 

 other beds, as directed for the other species, observi; 

 preserve a ball of earth to their roots, and, after they arc 

 planted, to water them carefully in dry weather, and 

 the surface of the ground with mulch, to prevent (he sun 

 and wind from drying the earth so as to affect their roots; 

 they may remain two years in these beds, keeping them 

 clear from weeds, and in winter laying fresh mulch upon the 



