MAN 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



MAN 



77 



or entire, smooth; heads ovate; branches diffused. Native 

 of the Cape. 



10. Manulea Capitata. Leaves ovate, serrate, villose; heads 

 globular; branches diffused. Native of the Cape. 



11. Manulea Antirrhinoides. Leaves ovate, toothed, smooth ; 

 flowers alternate. Native of the Cape. 



12. Manulea Thyrsifiora. Leaves obovate, tomentose, 

 toothed; corymb terminating, elongated, compound. Stem 

 somewhat shrubby. Native of the Cape. 



13. Manulea Corymbosa. Leaves oblong, toothed, smooth ; 

 corymb fastigiate. Native of the Cape. 



14. Manulea Altissima. Leaves lanceolate, somewhat 

 toothed, villose ; spike ovate. Native of the Cape. 



15. Manulea Rubra. Leaves lanceolate, villose, serrate; 

 flowers racemed, remote. Native of the Cape. 



16. Manulea Argentea. Leaves obovate, wedge-form, ser- 

 rate, silver-dotted ; flowers axillary. Native of the Cape. 



17. Manulea Pinnatifida. Leaves ovate, gash-pinnatifid ; 

 pinnas toothed. -Native of the Cape. 



18. Manulea Hirta. Rough-haired ; leaves obovate; spikes 

 very long. Native of the Cape. 



Manure. It is a fundamental mistake, to suppose, that 

 tillage may be substituted in the place of manure. Without 

 tillage, indeed, manures will be of little avail: but although 

 good tillage, by separating the soil, may bring a greater num- 

 ber of nutritious particles within the reach of the crop, yet 

 the soil cannot possibly continue to be so completely divided, 

 as it is by the fermentation excited by dung and other 

 manures ; which are found to enrich the best pulverized soil 

 again and again, after it is exhausted by crops, and therefore 

 promote vegetation, by increasing the quantity of vegetable 

 food. Some manures lose part of their strength, by long 

 exposure to the air. Thus, after dung is sufficiently fer- 

 mented, the longer it lies, the less is its value. Cow-dung 

 dried on the pasture, gathered and laid upon other land, has 

 scarcely any effect ; whereas the same quantity carried from 

 the cow-house, or collected by folding the cattle, enriches the 

 land. Other manures, on the contrary, operate sooner, and 

 with greater violence, the longer they are exposed to the air 

 before they are used. Lime and marls are of this kind. They 

 are observed to have a strong power of attracting certain 

 qualities from the atmosphere; and operate, by communicating 

 to the soil with which they are mixed, a power of attracting 

 vegetable food from the air. Again, some manures exhaustland 

 of its vegetable food, and do not restore it again when imme- 

 diately applied ; which is thought to be the case with lime. 

 Land thoroughly limed, after having carried many very good 

 crops, seems to be exhausted, and reduced to a worge condition 

 than before. When in this case lime has been applied a 

 second time, its effects have been found to be far inferior to 

 what they were when first applied. This manure, therefore, 

 seems to operate by dissolving the vegetable food which it 

 meets with in the soil, and fitting it for entering the roots of 

 plants. It should however be kept in mind, that exhaustion 

 of land by lime is owing to bad management, and unmerciful 

 forcing of it with continued white crops. It is not certain 

 that land will not bear a second liming ; but it is certain, that 

 the effects of the lime may be long kept up, by the proper 

 application of dung and other oily manures ; and there have 

 been instances of the effects of lime continuing forty, fifty, or 

 even a hundred years. All kinds of manures certainly con- 

 tribute to open the soil. Any one may be convinced of this, 

 who will take the trouble to compare a piece of land on which 

 dung or any other manure has been laid, with a piece con- 

 tiguous that has not been manured : he will find the former 

 :nuch softer, much more free and open, that the latter. It 



must be allowed, therefore, that all manures operate by en- 

 larging the vegetable pasture. They are applied either to 

 supply the detective ingredients of a soil, to improve its 

 texture, or to correct its vices. For Clayey Soils, the best 

 manure is marl ; and that which is most calcareous should be 

 preferred. These soils are defective both in constitution and 

 texture; they want the calcareous ingredient and coarse sand. 

 Calcareous marl supplies the first chiefly; limestone gravel 

 will supply both. A mixture of marl and dung is still more 

 advantageous, because the dung supplies the carbonaceous 

 ingredient : but the same quantity of marl must be used, as 

 if no dung had been applied; or else the operation must be 

 more frequently repeated. If marl cannot be had, a mixture 

 of coarse sand, and lime perfectly effete or extinguished, or 

 chalk, will answer the same purpose, as it will supply the 

 defective ingredient, and open the texture of the clay ; so 

 also sand alone, or chalk, or powdered limestone, may answer, 

 though less advantageously. Lime alone seems less proper, 

 as it is apt to cake, and does not sufficiently open the soil. 

 Where these manures cannot be had, coal-ashes, chips of 

 wood, burned clay, brick-dust, gravel, or even pebbles, are 

 useful : for all these improve the texture ; and the former 

 supply also the carbonaceous ingredients. Nothing is per- 

 haps equal to good stable and fold-yard dung, for strong 

 tillage laud ; because it opens this heavy soil, at the same 

 time that it supplies the richest nutriment. But dung is a 

 proper ingredient in the appropriated manures of all sorts of 

 soils, as it supplies the carbonaceous principle. Clayey Loam, 

 is defective, either in the calcareous ingredients, or in the 

 sandy, or in both : if in the first, the proper manure is chalk ; 

 if in the second, sand ; if in both, siliceous marl, or lime- 

 stone gravel, or effete lime and sand. Chalky Soil, wants 

 both the clayey, and the stony, sandy, or gravelly ingredients: 

 the best manure for it, therefore, is clayey loam, or sandy 

 loam : but when the chalk is so hard, as to keep of itself the 

 soil sufficiently open, then clay is the best manure ; for in 

 such cases the coarse sand or gravelly ingredients of loams 

 are of no use. Some indeed think that pebbles in a field 

 serve to preserve or communicate heat : this use however is 

 not sufficiently ascertained : they detain moisture ; and thus 

 on chalk-lands a complete covering of great black flints insures 

 a tolerable crop in a dry season. Chalky Loam. The best 

 manure for this soil is clay, or clay marl ; because it is prin- 

 cipally defective in the clayey ingredients. Light limestone 

 soils, not differing essentially from these, require the same 

 manure. Sands. The best manure for these is calcareous 

 marl, for they want both clay and calx; and this marl sup- 

 plies both : the next best is clay marl; and next to these, clay 

 mixed with lime, or calcareous or clayey loams. Lime or 

 chalk are less proper, because they do not give sufficient 

 coherence to the soil : however, when mixed with earth or 

 dung, these answer well; because they form a sort of marl, 

 or compound, comprehending the defective ingredients. 

 Sandy Loams, are defective chiefly in the calcareous ingre- 

 dient, arid in some degree also in the argillaceous : their 

 texture also is imperfect, as they abound both in fine and 

 coarse sand. Chalk or lime would supply the first defect, 

 but leave the texture unamended. Calcareous or argillaceous 

 marls are most proper. Clay, after land has been chalked, 

 answers well, because it remedies the texture. Gravelly 

 Loams, are benefited by the application of marl, whether 

 argillaceous or calcareous. If the gravel be calcareous, clay 

 may be employed. A mixture of effete lime and clay should 

 answer in all cases. Ferruginous Loam, or Till, and ViliioLic 

 Soil, necessarily require the calcareous ingredient to neutra- 

 lize their peccant acid : hence chalk, limestone, gravel, and 



