PAP 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



PAR 



243 



The upper part of the stalk is naked, and sustains one large 

 yellow flower, appearing in June, and filled with small purplish 

 seeds. Found in many parts of Wales, in the valleys and 

 , fields, at the foot of the hills, and by the water side ; about 

 a mile from Abbar, and in the midway from Denbigh to 

 Guider, the house of Sir John Wynne ; as also near a wooden 

 bridge over the Dee to Balam in North Wales; and in going 

 up the hill that leads to Bangor; and in the isle of Anglesea; 

 on the back of Snowden, going from Carnarvon to Llanberis; 

 as you ascend the Glyder from Llanberis; also beyond Pont 

 Vawr; and commonly by rivulets, or on moist rocks. Dille- 

 nius found it OB Chedder rocks in Somersetshire ; and it has 

 since been observed about Kendal, Kirby-Lonsdale, and 

 Winnandermere, in Westmoreland, and at Holker in Lanca- 

 shire. It requires a cool shady situation, where the plants 

 will thrive, and produce plenty of seeds annually. If the 

 seeds be permitted to scatter, they will come up better than 

 when sown by hand ; but if they be sown, it should be always 

 in the autumn, for when sown in the spring they rarely suc- 

 ceed. The best time to transplant and part the roots of this 

 sort is in the autumn, that the plants may be well established 

 in their new quarters, before the dry weather comes on in 

 the spring. 



9. Papaver Orientale ; Oriental Poppy. Capsules smooth ; 

 stems one-flowered, rugged, leafy ; leaves pinnate, serrate. 

 Root perennial, composed of two or three strong fibres as 

 thick as a man's little finger, a foot and half long, dark brown 

 on the outside, full of a milky juice, which is very bitter and 

 acrid. The height of the stem is two feet and a half ; it sus- 

 tains at the top a very large flower, nearly a span wide, of 

 the same colour with the Common Red Poppy. Stigmas 

 sixteen ; bristles on the stem scattered, pressed close, rough, 

 with a prominent base ; capsule smooth, crowned with the 

 large shield of the stigma, having one cavity in the middle, 

 but toward the periphery divided by incomplete partitions into 

 cells, equal in number to the number of rays in the stigma, 

 and opening not by valves, but by as many holes under the 

 shield; seeds very numerous, kidney-form, beautifully marked 

 with longitudinal streaks and little excavations in rows, of a 

 russet bay colour, covering the incomplete partitions on both 

 sides. Native of the Levant. It flowers here in May. 

 There are two or three varieties, differing'in the colour of the 

 flowers, and it is said that the flower is sometimes double, 

 though with us it is always single. Tournefort says, that 

 the Turks eat the green heads, although they are very bitter 

 and acrid. It will thrive either in the sun or the shade, only 

 in the latter case they flower later in the season. It will 

 propagate very fast by its roots ; so that there is no necessity 

 for sowing the seeds, except to procure new varieties. It 

 should be transplanted at the same season as the former ; 

 and if the seeds be sown, it should be at the same times as 

 that, for the reasons there given. 



Papaw Tree. See Carica. 



Pappophorum ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digy- 

 nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume two-flowered, 

 two-valved; valves long, linear, somewhat compressed, very 

 thin, acuminate, awnless, outer a little shorter; one floret 

 inferior, larger, sessile, bearded at the base, hermaphro- 

 dite ; the other superior, less, on a short pedicel, pressed 

 close to the back of the lower one, beardless, neuter ; and 

 above this the rudiment of a third. Corolla: glume two- 

 valved, shorter than the calix ; outer valve ovate, ventricose, 

 angular, terminated by several awns, nine to fourteen, very 

 long, straight, unequal, spreading, with its edges embracing 

 the inner valve, which is lanceolate, acute, a little longer 

 and narrower than the outer ; nectary two-leaved, very small, 

 VOL. n. 86. 



with linear leaflets. Stamina : filamenta three, capillary ; 

 antheree oblong. Pistil: germen ovate, superior; styles two, 

 short ; stigmas villose. Pericarp : none, except the corolla, 

 which incloses the seed, and lets it drop. Seed: one, ovate, 

 compressed, diaphanous. Observe. The outer glume of the 

 lower floret is villose at the back and sides ; the inner is 

 excavated at the back, to receive the upper floret. ESSEN- 

 TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-valved, two-flowered. Co- 

 rolla : two-valved, many-awned. The species are, 



1. Pappophorum Alopecuroideum. Culm branched, three 

 or four feet high, smooth, sheathed with leaves ; which are 

 convoluted, awl-shaped, striated, shorter than the culm, the 

 last spathaceous ; panicle erect, subspiked, often a foot and 

 half long ; calix three or four flowered. Found near Spanish 

 Town in America. 



Four other species of Pappophorum have been found in 

 New Holland. 



Papyrus. See Cyperus Papyrus. 



Pariana ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Polyandria. 

 GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, in whorls, di- 

 gested into spikes. Calix: glume one-flowered, two-valved; 

 valves short, acute. Corolla : two-valved, larger than the 

 calix ; valves ovate, acute, one narrower. Stamina : fila- 

 menta about forty, capillary, inserted into the bottom of the 

 corolla ; antherse linear. Female Flowers, solitary in each 

 whorl, fastened to the axis of the spike. Calix: glume two- 

 valved ; valves ovate, concave, acute. Corolla : two-valved, 

 less than the calix ; valves acute, hairy at the tip. Pistil : 

 germen three-cornered ; style long, hairy ; stigmas two, vil- 

 lose. Pericarp : none, except the permanent corolla, invest- 

 ing the seed. Seed: one, three-cornered, inclosed. ESSEN- 

 TIAL CHARACTER. Male Flowers, in whorls, forming spikes. 

 Calix : two-valved. Corolla ; two-valved, larger than the 

 calix. Filamenta: forty. Female Flowers, solitary in each 

 whorl. Calix: two-valved. Corolla: two-halved, less than 

 the calix. Stigmas: two. Seed: three-cornered, inclosed. 

 The only known species is, 



1. Pariana Campestris. This plant puts forth several 

 straight shoots or canes, about one or two feet high, at each 

 joint they are garnished with alternate oval weak leaves, 

 striated throughout their whole length, smooth, glossy, green- 

 ish above, paler beneath : the footstalks are short, and. are 

 accompanied by a long split sheath, in opposite directions 

 on each side the stalk ; this sheath envelopes the stem from 

 one joint to the other; it is crowned with reddish, long, and 

 roughish hairs ; this crown has on each side two appendices, 

 in the form of an ear, bordered on both sides with similar 

 hairs. The stem is terminated by a serrated spike, formed 

 of several ranges of male flowers growing above each other. 

 The female flower is single in the middle of each range. The 

 spike of flowers is about (Wo inches and a half in length. 

 Native of Cayenne, flowering in January. 



Parietaria; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Monffi- 

 cia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite Flowers, two, 

 contained in a flat six-leaved involucre ; the two opposito 

 and outer leaflets larger. Calix: perianth one-leafed, four- 

 cleft, flat, blunt, the size of the involucre halved. Corolla , 

 none, unless the calix be so called. Stamina: filament? 

 four, awl-shaped, longer than the flowering perianth, and 

 expanding it, permanent; antherse twin. Pistil: germen 

 ovate ; style filiform, coloured ; stigma penciform, capitate. 

 Pericarp : none ; perianth elongated, larger, bell-shaped, 

 the mouth closed by converging segments. Seed: one, ovate, 

 Female Flower, one, between the two hermaphrodites, within 

 the involucre. Calix: as in the hermaphrodites. Corolla: 

 none. Pistil: as in the hermaphrodites. Pericarp: none; 

 3Q 



