PI N 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



P I N 



321 



short; stigma two-lipped; upper lip larger, flat, reflex, cover- 

 ing the antherse; lower lip very narrow, erect, bifid, shorter. 

 Pericarp: capsule ovate, compressed at the tip, opening at 

 the top, one-celled. Seeds: very many, cylindrical ; recep- 

 tacle free, or detached. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: 

 ringent, with a spur. Calix : two-lipped, five-cleft. Cap- 

 sule: one-celled. The species are, 



1. Pinguicula Lusitanica ; Pale Butterwort. Nectary 

 blunt, shorter than the petal; scape villose; capsule globular. 

 Root perennial. Like all the rest of this genus, this herb is des- 

 titute of a stem, the leaves being radical, spreading, ovate, 

 obtuse, viscid, pale, with reticulated red veins, involute in 

 the margin ; stalks several, hairy, especially in their lower 

 part, with short, spreading, glandular hairs, tipped with a 

 viscid fluid ; flowers a little nodding ; tube of the corolla 

 nearly cylindrical, yellow, streaked with red; capsule exactly 

 globular. Native of Portugal ; found also in England, as 

 about Kilkhampton, and midway from Oakhampton to Laun- 

 ceston ; in Stoneham park, Hampshire ; on the borders of 

 bogs in Dorsetshire ; near Ayr in Scotland ; in the islands of 

 Lamlash and Skye; and on Croagh Patrick, in the county of 

 Mayo, in Ireland. It is common in all the western counties; 

 and flowers in June and July. 



2. Pinguicula Vulgaris ; Common Butterwort. Nectary 

 cylindrical, acute, the length of the petal ; capsule ovate. 

 This is a smooth plant; the leaves are less involuted; scapes 

 smooth, only a little pubescent at the top ; the structure of 

 the stigma, and its close application to the stamina, are very 

 remarkable. Linneus remarks, that the soft upright prickles, 

 which cover the leaf, secrete the glutinous liquor ; and that 

 the corolla is violet, purple, and reddish, with white lips, and 

 an ash-coloured woolly spot on the palate. If the fresh- 

 gathered leaves of Butterwort are put into the filtre or strainer 

 through which warm milk from the reindeer is poured, and 

 the milk be set by for a day or two to become acescent, it 

 acquires consistence and tenacity, neither the whey nor the 

 cream separating ; and in this state it becomes an extremely 

 grateful food, which is much esteemed in the north of Swe- 

 den. There is then no further occasion to have recourse to 

 these leaves, for half a spoonful of the prepared milk, mixed 

 with fresh warm milk, will convert it to its own nature, and so 

 on. This experiment, however, has not succeeded when tried 

 with cow's milk. The juice of the leaves destroys lice ; and 

 the country people use the viscid substance found on the 

 leaves to cure cracks in cows' udders. The plant is generally 

 supposed to be hurtful to sheep, and is called white rot, be- 

 cause it appears to occasion a disease which the farmers 

 call the rot : but it may be questioned, whether the rot in 

 sheep be so much owing to the vegetables in marshy grounds, 

 as to the Fasciola Hepatica, a flat insect called a Fluke, from 

 its similitude to a flounder or fluke, and which is found in 

 such situations adhering to stones and plants, as well as in 

 the livers and biliary ducts of sheep affected with the rot. 

 From experiments made on purpose, and conducted with 

 accuracy, it appears that sheep, cows, horses, goats, and 

 swine, will not feed upon this plant. It is a native of bogs, 

 in many parts of Europe ; flowering with us in May and June. 

 It abounds in the northern counties, and in .Scotland; also in 

 Norfolk; it has been found on Hinton and Feversham moors, 

 and in the fens near Ely in Cambridgeshire; on the Ampthill 

 bogs, in Bedfordshire; on Bullington green, and under Head- 

 ington wick-copse in Oxfordshire; on the little bog by Charl- 

 ton wood near Shooter's hill ; on Pets-bog near Chiselhurst; 

 and on the mere near Feversham in Kent; at Harrington ami 

 Wellingborough, in Northamptonshire ; at Basford Scottum 

 in Nottinghamshire: anciently, it was found growing in Crag- 



close, at Crosby Ravensworth in Westmoreland ; upon Ingle- 

 aorough fells, twelve miles from Lancaster; in Harwood near 

 Blackburn, in the same county ; ten miles from Preston, in 

 Aunderness; in the boggy meadows about Bishop's Hatfield ; 

 and also in the fens in the way to Wittlesmere from London, 

 in Huntingdonshire; also in Hampshire; and in many parts 

 of Wales. In Yorkshire, says Gerarde, where it doth espe- 

 cially grow, and in greatest abundance, it is called Butter- 

 worts, Butter-root, and Yorkshire Sanicle. 



3. Pinguicula Grandiflora ; Great-flowered Butterwort. 

 Nectary awl-shaped, straight, the length of the flower; upper 

 lip spreading, emarginate; capsule ovate. The leaves of this 

 species are twice the size of those of the preceding; as is also 

 the flower, which is of a violet purple colour: spur awl- 

 shaped, the length of the flower ; upper lip dilated, emar- 

 ginate; lower wide, buntly three-lobed, and not deeply three- 

 parted as in the preceding. Native of the mountains in the 

 south of France, and in Ireland. 



4. Pinguicula Alpina ; Alpine Butterwort. Nectary awl- 

 shaped, reflex, shorter than the petals ; corolla white, with a 

 yellow palate, and reflex spur; capsule oblong, beaked. 

 Villars remarks, that the flower is more open, the nectary 

 shorter, and the leaves wider, less elongated, and more yel- 

 low, than the common sort. Native of the Alps, of Lapland, 

 Norway, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Dauphiny, and 

 Piedmont. It flowers in June. 



5. Pinguicula Villosa; Villose Butterwort. Scape strict, 

 pubescent; nectary awl-shaped, straight, very short ; leaves 

 nerved ; corolla violet-coloured, with a spur standing out. 

 it is only one-sixth of the size of the second species, and 

 differs from the first in having the scape strict, the leaves 

 three-nerved, and the flowers smaller. Native of Lapland, 

 Norway, and Siberia. 



6. Pinguicula Crystallina ; Crystalline Butterwort. Nec- 

 tary obtuse, shorter than the irregular six-cleft petal ; seg- 

 ments of the calix oblong ; flower-stalk smooth at the base. 

 This is distinguished by a glandular crystalline clothing like the 

 Ice-plant. Found in watery places in the island of Cyprus. 



7. Pinguicula Elatior. Nectary subulate, obtuse, shorter 

 than the corolla ; tube ventricose on the upper side ; scape 

 villous beneath ; flowers of a beautiful amethystine colour. 

 Grows in open swamps on the sands of Carolina and Georgia. 



8. Pinguicuia Lutea. Nectary subulate, recurved, shorter 

 than the c-ampanulated corolla ; lips dentated ; scape sub- 

 villous; flowers yellow. Grows in the pine-barrens of Lower 

 Carolina. 



9. Pinguicula Pumila. Nectary shorter than the tube; 

 corolla somewhat oblong-tubular ; scape short, without hair ; 

 flowers small, purple. Grows in the open swamps of Georgia. 



10. Pinguicula Acutifolia. Plant very smooth; leaves 

 erect, oval, very sharp. Grows in shady woods, near rivers 

 in the vicinity of Lake Mistassins. 



Pinguin. See Bromelia. 



Pinus; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Monadelphia. 

 GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers, disposed in 

 racemes. Calix: scales of the bud opening, and no other. 

 Corolla : none. Stamina : filamenta very many, connected 

 at bottom into an upright column, divided at top ; antherce 

 erect, naked. Female Flowers, on the same plant. Calix : 

 strobile subovate, consisting of scales, which are two- 

 flowered, oblong-imbricate, permanent, rigid. Corolla: none. 

 Pistil: germen very small; style awl-shaped; stigma simple. 

 Pericarp: none; the strobile serves for a calix, having before 

 been closed, but now only converging. Seed : nut augmented 

 by a membranaceous wing, which is larger than the seed, but 

 less than the scale of the strobile, oblong, straight on one 



