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OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



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397 



ihort. Corolla: compound, mostly of a single ring of flo- 

 rets ; corollets hermaphrodite, fire to eight and more, equal ; 

 proper monopetalous, ligulate, truncate, four-toothed. Sta- 

 mina: filamenta five, capillary, very short; anthene cylin- 

 drical, tubulous. Pistil: germen subovate; style filiform, 

 .onger than the stamina; stigma bifid, reflex. Pericarp: 

 none; caJix cylindrical, converging very slightly at the mouth. 

 Seeds : solitary, cordate ; pappus capillary, sessile. Recep- 

 tacle: naked. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: calicled. 

 Florets: in a. simple row. Pappus: simple, subsessile. 

 Receptacle: naked. These plants are seldom admitted into 

 gardens, but the seeds may be sown soon after they are ripe, 

 in a sheltered situation; and when the plants come up, they 

 require no other care but to keep them clean from weeds. 

 The species are, 



1. Prenanthes Tenuifolia; Fine-leaved Prenanthes. Leaves 

 inear, quite entire. Root perennial, oblong, twisted, oblique, 

 creeping, and here and there putting forth other straight 

 roots. Native of the south of Europe, where it is found upon 

 mountains. 



2. Prenanthes Chinensis ; Chinese Prenanthes. Leaves 

 linear, ensiform, entire, and toothed. The whole plant is 

 smooth ; flowers ' pauicled, yellow. Native of China and 

 Japan. 



3. Prenanthes Viminea ; Rushy-twigged Prenanthes. Frag- 

 ments of the leaves adhering to the stem. Root biennial or 

 perennial, oblong, pale yellow ; stems decumbent, from a 

 foot or eighteen inches to two feet or even three feet in 

 length, hard, round. Native of the south of Europe ; it 

 flowers in June and July. 



4. Prenanthes Purpurea; Purple Prenanthes. Florets 

 five; leaves lanceolate, toothletted. Root perennial, trans- 

 verse, long, woody, fibrous ; stem erect, three, four, or five 

 feet high, much branched towards the top, terminating by 

 nodding panicles of crimson or purplish flowers, placed on 

 naked axillary peduncles, longer than the leaves. Native of 

 prance, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the south of France, 

 and Italy, It flowers from July to September. 



5. Prenanthes Muralis ; Wall Prenanthes. Florets five ; 

 leaves runcinate, toothed, their terminal lobe five-angled. 

 Root perennial, somewhat woody, branched, pale brown, 

 milky. Flowers yellow, drooping before they expand. The 

 whole plant smooth, tender, brittle, milky. There is a vari- 

 ety of it with the upper leaves undivided. Native of many 

 parts of Europe, in woods, hedges, and shady banks, in a 

 calcareous soil, and on walls ; flowering from July to Sep- 

 tember. Found near Hampstead heath, and near Hornsey, 

 in Middlesex; on the Willows by the old sluice at Grant- 

 chester; on Chippenham park wall; on the top of Staunton, 

 Harcourt-kitchen, and in Stokenchurch woods, Oxfordshire; 

 at Bishopsgate street in Norfolk; at Welwyn in Hereford- 

 shire; at Croydon in Surry; at Cleifden in Buckingham- 

 shire ; at Weekly in Northamptonshire ; at Basford in Not- 

 tinghamshire ; and at Peak's Hole in Derbyshire. 



6. Prenanthes Altissima ; Tall Prenanthes. Florets five ; 

 leaves three-lobed ; stem erect. The flowers come out from 

 the side of the stem in small bunches; they are of a pale yel- 

 low colour, and appear in July. There is a variety with 

 pale purple flowers, arising from the same seeds. Native ol 

 Virginia and Canada, where it is called Dr. Witt's Rattle- 

 snake Root, the roots being taken for an antidote to the 

 venom of the rattlesnake. 



7. Prenanthes Chondrilloides; Chondrilla-like Prenanthes. 

 Florets ten ; calices eight-cleft; leaves lanceolate; root-leaves 

 undivided, somewhat toothed ; stem panicled, Native of the 

 south of Europe. 



8. Prenanthes Japonica; Japanese Prenanthes. Florets 

 ifteen ; root-leaves lyrate ; stem almost naked ; flowers ter- 

 minating, panicled, yellow. Native of Japan. 



9. Prenanthes Alba ; White-flowered Prenanthes. Florets 

 very many; flowers nodding, subumbelled; leaves hastate, 

 angular. It flowers in July and August. Root perennial; 

 stem herbaceous, two feet high ; flowers plentiful, white, with 

 a purple calix. This plant has a peculiar fragrant smell. 

 Native of North America. 



10. Prenanthes Repens; Creeping Prenanthes. Creeping: 

 leaves three-lobed ; stem creeping, rooting. Native of 

 Kamtschatka. 



11. Prenanthes Pinnata ; Pinnate-leaved- Prenanthes. 

 Shrubby : leaves unequally pinnate, many-paired ; leaflets 

 linear, quite entire; particle compound. This shrub has 

 roundish resinous branches; flowers small, yellow. Found 

 on the rocks at the island of Teneriirfe. 



12. Prenanthes Integra; Entire-leaved Prenanthes. Leaves 

 oblong, entire, smooth; paaicle contracted; root annual. 

 The whole plant smooth ; stem decumbent at bottom, and 

 creeping:, then ecect, round, striated, simple or panicled, a 

 span high ; flowers yellow. Native of Japan. 



13. Prenanthes Debilis ; Weak Prenanthes, Leaves ovate, 

 entire; stem almost naked, erect. The whole plant is tender 

 and smooth ; tool annual, fibrous ; flowers yellow. Native 

 of Japan. 



14. Prenanthes Dentaita; Tooth-leaved- Prenanthes. Leaves 

 oblong, toothed-, smooth ; stem panicled ; flowering branches 

 rod-like, erect, panicled; root-leaves petioled, oblong, blunt, 

 with a point toothletted. Native of Japan'. 



15. Prenanthes Hastata ; Halbert-leaved Premanthes. Leaves 

 hastate, embracing 1 , toothed ; stem branched. The whole 

 plant is smooth ; flowers-on the extreme branches and branch- 

 lets terminating, panioled, yellow. Native of Japan. 



1.6. Prenanthes Humilis ; Dwarf Prenanthes. Leaves 

 lyrate; lobes obtuse; stem almost naked; flowers terminat- 

 ing in twos or threes ; root annual, fibrous. The whole plant 

 smooth. Native of Japan. 



17. Prenanthes Multiflora; Many-flowered Prenanthes. 

 Leaves petioled, runcinate; lobes acute, toothed; panicle 

 fustigiate, diffused. Root fibrous, annual ; stem branched at 

 the bottom, erect, grooved, vil lose, smooth at top, panicled, 

 two feet high. Native of Japan. 



1.8. Prenanthes Lyrata; Ly rate-leaned Prenanthes. Leaves 

 runcinate, ly rate-toothed : panicle contracted. Root fibrous, 

 annual. Native of Japan. 



19. Prenanthes Squarrosa. Leaves sessile, runcinate; seg- 

 ments recurved, toothed. Stem fleshy, herbaceous, round, 

 striated, smooth, erect, simple, two feet high ; panicle oblong, 

 thyrsoid. Native of Japan. 



20. Prenanthes Juncea. Stem very branched, sulcated, 

 glabrous; leaves cauline, remote, subulate, very short; 

 branchlets unirlorous ; calices five-cieft, five-flowered; follicles 

 membranaceous at the margin; iiovvers purple. Grows on 

 the banks of the Missouri. 



21. Prenanthes Virgata. Plant glabrous, from three to 

 six feet ; stem very simple ; all the leaves lyrate-sinuate ; 

 branchlets subsecund; flowers pendulous, pale purple; calices 

 glabrous, eight-cleft, ten-flowered. Grows in sandy fields, 

 near ditches, from New Jersey to Carolina. 



22. Prenanthes Crepidina. Leaves lato-lanceolate, une- 

 qually angulate-dentate; panicles with terminal fascicles, few- 

 flowered, waving; calices rough, from ten to twelve cleft. 

 Grows in Illinois, and on the high mountains of Carolina. 



23. Prenanthes Serpentaria. Leaves dentate, rough ; 

 radical leaves palmate-sinuate; stem-leaves petiolate, sinuate- 



