512 



SAL 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 



SAL 



stuffing cushions, wicks for candles, &c. Goldfinches, and 

 some other birds, line their nests with the down of this and 

 other species of Willow. Native of several parts of Europe : 

 found in Switzerland, Dauphiny, Piedmont, and Siberia. In 

 Great Britain, it frequently occurs about Kendal in West- 

 moreland, and Bradford in Yorkshire. About Kilnsey and 

 Carr end, Wensledale, where it is the most common species. 

 Near Stafford, Bnngay in Suffolk, Coombe wood, and Wim- 

 bledon in Surry. See the first species. 



4. Salix Phylicifolia ; Tea-leaved Willow. Leaves lanceo- 

 late, wave-crenate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; stipules 

 sublunate. Native of Lapland, and the northern parts of 

 Sweden; found also on the Highlands of Scotland, at Finlarig 

 and Breadalbane, along with several other species, 



5. Salix Nigricans ; Dark Broad-leaved Willow. Leaves 

 elliptic-lanceolate, crenate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; 

 germina pedicelled, lanceolate, acuminate, silky. The trunk 

 scarcely rises to the height or form of a tree. It is called 

 Nigricans, from the dark colour of its branches, as well as 

 its black hue when dried, in which last respect it is not sin- 

 gular. Native of Lapland; and found at Wrongay Fen in 

 Norfolk, flowering in April, before the leaves appear ; and 

 not uncommon in the Osier grounds of other places. 



6. Salix Laurina; Shining Dark-green Willow. Leaves 

 elliptic, acute; toothlet serrate, smoothish, glaucous under- 

 neath ; germina pedicelled, lanceolate, silky. This is very 

 nearly related to the preceding species, but very distinct, its 

 catkins being but half the size, and the stamina shorter, per- 

 fectly smooth, and not hairy at the base. Found in Osier 

 holts, and marshy grounds, flowering in April and May. 



7. Salix Japonica; Japan Willow. Leaves serrate, smooth, 

 lanceolate, glaucous underneath, the younger ones villose. 

 Native of Japan, where it flowers in March. 



8. Salix Vitellina ; Yellow Willow. Leaves serrate, ovate- 

 lanceolate, acute, smooth above; serratures cartilaginous. 

 This is a middle-sized tree, much branched at the top ; 

 branches upright. Native of the most temperate parts of 

 Europe. It is also common all over Russia, and is used for 

 Palms at Easter, in the Greek churches. The shoots are 

 used by basket-makers. The wood is white and very tough. 

 The cotton will make ordinary paper, and may serve some 

 of the purposes of genuine cotton. The bark may be used in 

 dyeina;, and medicinally in agues. See the second species. 



9. Salix Amygdalina; Broad-leaved Three-stamincd Wil- 

 low. Threestamined : leaves ovate, oblique, serrate, smooth; 

 germina pedicelled ; stipules very large. This species never 

 rises into a tree. Native of several parts of Europe, in Osier 

 holts and marshes. 



10. Salix Hastata; Halbert-leaved Willow. Leaves serrate, 

 smooth, subovate, acute, sessile ; stipules subcordate. This 

 grows to a tree, but never becomes tall. Native of Lapland, 

 Westrobothnia, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, and Siberia. 



11. Salix Egyptiaca; Egyptian Willow. Leaves subser- 

 rate, lanceolate-ovate, veined ; petioles simple, without sti- 

 pules. Native of Egypt and Barbary. 



12. Salix Fragilis ; Crack Willow. Leaves serrate, smooth, 

 ovate-lanceolate; petioles tooth-glandular. This is one of 

 the largest trees of the genus, known by the crooked position 

 of its branches, which break off easily at the shoot of the 

 preceding year. Villars observes, that though the branches 

 are brittle on the tree, yet they are pliant when it is young, 

 or kept down for Osiers; and that the male flowers have 

 sometimes three stamina. It is a fast-growing tree, and soon 

 forms a shade in wet places ; the males are fittest for this 

 purpose. Bees are fond of the male flowers. The bark of 

 the branches has a considerable degree of bitterness and 



astringency, on which account it has been thought a good 

 substitute for the Peruvian Bark, and has, with the second, 

 third, and forty-fifth species, been recommended in cases 

 requiring tonic or astringent medicines. 



13. Salix Babylonica ; Weeping Willow. Leaves serrate, 

 smooth, linear-lanceolate; branches pendulous. This tree 

 grows to a considerably size, and is esteemed for its long 

 slender pendulous branches, which give it a peculiar charac- 

 ter, and render it a beautiful object on the margin of streams 

 or pools. The famous and admired Weeping Willow, planted 

 by Pope, on the lawn bordering on the Thames, in front of 

 his beautiful villa at Twickenham, was barbarously cut down 

 a few years ago. It came from Spain, enclosing a present to 

 the then Lady Suffield. Mr. Pope was in her ladyship's 

 company when the covering was taken off, and observed, 

 that the pieces of stick appeared as if they had some .vege- 

 tation, and added, perhaps they may produce something we 

 have not in England. Under this idea, he planted it, and 

 it became the famous Willow Tree, from which, in honour 

 of the Poet, a great number of slips have been taken, thereby 

 producing so many others. Native of the Levant, and found 

 by Pursh in North America. 



14. Salix Purpurea; Bitter Purple Willow. One-stamined : 

 leaves obovate-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; stigmas very 

 short, ovate, subsessile. This species is particularly distin- 

 guished by the length, as well as delicate slenderness of its 

 twigs, and its subglaucous spurge-like leaves, but especially 

 bv their extreme bitterness when chewed. The antherse, be- 

 fore they open, are of a bright orange-colour. The extreme 

 bitterness of the leaves and twigs, renders it very valuable 

 for many purposes. When used as a band or withe, it is 

 never eaten by vermin ; nar when formed into a hedge, is it 

 browsed on by cattle, and even insects seldom attack it so 

 much as the other species. In some parts of Yorkshire its 

 twigs are used for making the finest sorts of basket work, for 

 which purpose Mr. Curtis thinks it might be advantageously 

 cultivated, since having planted cuttings of all the common 

 Willows, one year, by way of experiment, he found that this 

 species yielded the longest one-year's shoot, exceeding even 

 that of the Osier. Linneus says, the twigs are the toughest 

 of all the species. In bands for thatching, he says, it lasts 

 above a century in Scania: he recommends it as the best sort 

 for basket-work, and most excellent for hedges. The leaves 

 turn of a blueish black colour in drying. The bark, from its 

 extreme bitterness, may probably prove the most efficacious 

 of any in agues. See the first species. 



15. Salix Helix; Rose Willow. One-stamined: leaves 

 lanceolate-acuniinate, serrulate, smooth ; style elongated, fili- 

 form ; stigmas linear. This rises to the height of nine or ten 

 feet, and is a small slender tree. The rose-like excrescences 

 (caused by the attack of insects) are more common at the 

 ends of the branches in this species ; whence its name of Rose 

 Willow. It flowers in March and April, and is a native of 

 several parts of Europe. Haller says, it is planted about 

 Aigle, to keep up gravelly banks and the shores of rivers. 



16. Salix Fissa ; Basket Osier. Mon#.delphous : leaves 

 lanceolate-acute, somewhat toothletted, smooth, glaucous 

 underneath. This is a shrub four or five feet high. It is 

 cultivated in the fens of Great Britain, and preferred to all 

 other Willows or Osiers for basket-work. Native of various 

 parts of Europe, on the sandy banks of rivers, flowering in 

 April, and ripening seed in May. 



17. Salix Rubra; Green Osier. Monadelphous : leaves 

 linear-lanceolate, elongated, acute, toothletted, smooth, of 

 the same colour on both sides. The branches of this shrub 

 are very long, slender, tough, smooth, gray or purplish. It 



