526 



SAN 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 



SAN 



but differs in having cylindrical spikes of reddish flowers, and 

 longer stamens. It flowers from July to September. Native 

 of Canada. 



3. Sanguisorba Canadensis ; .Canadian Burnet. Spikes 

 very long. Stalks three feet high, divided at the top into 

 numerous branches. There is a variety with long spikes of 

 red flowers of a higher growth, with thicker spikes, and 

 broader leaflets, white underneath. It flowers from June to 

 September. Native of North America and Siberia. 



Sanicle. See Sanicula. 



Saniclc, Yorkshire. See Pinguicula. 



Sanicula ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia. 

 GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : umbel universal, with 

 very few rays, (often four ;) partial, with many clustered, sub- 

 capitate. Involucre Universal: halved, placed outwardly; 

 partial surrounding, shorter than the floscules ; perianth 

 scarcely observable. Corolla Universal: uniform; floscules 

 of the disk abortive ; partial of five compressed inflexed petals, 

 closing the flower. Stamina: filamenta five, simple, twice 

 as long as the corollets, erect; anther roundish. Pistil: 

 germen hispid, inferior; styles two, awl-shaped, reflexed ; 

 stigmas acute. Pericarp: none; fruit ovate, acute, rugged, 

 bipartile. Seeds : two, convex and muricate on one side, flat 

 on the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Umbels: clustered, 

 subcapitate. Fruit: rough with hooked bristles. Central 

 Flowers: abortive. The species are, 



1. Sanicula Europeea ; Common or European Sanicle. 

 Root-leaves simple ; florets all sessile. Root perennial, with 

 long branched fleshy fibres ; stem from twelve to eighteen 

 inches high, upright, round, grooved, almost naked, a little 

 branched, smooth ; leaves stalked, smooth, deeply seven- 

 lobed ; flowers sessile, capitate, white or blush-coloured. It 

 is very common in Great Britain, in a rich soil, flowering in 

 May. Some persons esteem a strong decoction of the leaves 

 of this plant as good against the bleeding piles, and for 

 checking immoderate menses, but it has long been discarded 

 by medical practitioners. It discovers to the taste, says 

 Lewis, some bitterishness and roughness, followed by an 

 impression of acrimony which affects chiefly the throat ; in 

 the fresh leaves the taste is very weak, in the dry leaves con- 

 siderable, as also in the extract made from them by water, 

 or moderately strong spirit. Part the roots any time from 

 September to March ; but the best time for this operation is 

 in the autumn. In a moist soil and a shady situation they 

 will thrive exceedingly. 



2. Sanicula Canadensis ; Canadian Sanicle. Root-leaves 

 compound; leaflets ovate. Native of Canada, Virginia, the 

 Cape of Good Hope, and Japan. 



3. Sanicula Marilandica; Maryland Sanicle. Male flowers 

 peduncled; hermaphrodites sessile; root perennial. The 

 whole plant is smooth. It flowers in June and July. Native 

 of Virginia and Maryland. 



Santalum; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth superior, 

 one-leafed, bell-shaped, four-toothed. Corolla: petals four, 

 placed on the segments of the calix, straighten glands four, 

 smaller than the petals, alternate with them. Stamina : fila- 

 menta four, thread-shaped, growing on the tube of the calix; 

 antheree simple. Pistil : germen inferior, conical ; style 

 length of the stamina ; stigma with three or four lobes. Pe- 

 ricarp: berry obovate. Seed: one. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- 

 TER. Calix: four-toothed. Corolla : four-petalled, with the 

 petals growing on the calix, besides four glands. Berry: 

 inferior, one-seeded. The only known species is, 



1. Santalum Album: White and Yellow Sandal Wood. 

 Leaves opposite, on short petioles, spreading, lanceolate, 



entire, waved, smooth, shining, about two inches long, and 

 three-quarters of an inch broad ; flowers small, red, in a 

 terminating, compound, erect thyrse-like, raceme; berry glo- 

 bular, size of a currant, smooth, juicy, black when ripe, 

 greedily eaten by birds, who evacuate and thereby propagate 

 it extensively. The wood of this tree is the White and Yel- 

 low Sanders, or Sandal Wood ; Santalum Album, and Fla- 

 vum, of the Materia Medica, both being the produce of the 

 same tree. Most trees in India, when large and old, become 

 coloured towards the centre ; that part is always much more 

 hard and durable than the exterior or uncoloured part. So 

 it is with the Sandal-tree : the centre, when the tree becomes 

 large, acquires a yellow colour, great fragrance and hard- 

 ness ; while the exterior part of the same tree, that covers 

 the coloured part, is less firm, white, and without fragrance. 

 It is only the yellow part that is of use, and the larger the 

 tree the more valuable is the wood, it having then acquired 

 a greater degree of fragrance, for which alone it is held in 

 such universal estimation. This valuable tree is a native of 

 many parts of India. In the Circar mountains, where it grows 

 wild, it is small, and the wood of little value. On the coast 

 of Malabar, the largest and best sort is obtained. Five other 

 species of Santalum have been found in the tropical parts of 

 New Holland. 



Santolina; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly- 

 gamia TEqualig. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common 

 hemispherical, imbricate; scales ovate-oblong, acute, pressed 

 close. Corolla: compound uniform, longer than the calix; 

 corollets hermaphrodite, equal, numerous ; proper one-petal- 

 led, funnel-form ; border five-cleft, revolute. Stamina: fila- 

 menta five, capillary, very short; antherae cylindrical, tubu- 

 lous. Pistil: germen four-cornered, oblong; style filiform, 

 length of the stamina ; stigmas two, oblong, depressed, trun- 

 cate. Pericarp: none, except the unchanged calix. Seeds: 

 solitary, oblong, four-cornered. Down: none. Receptacle: 

 chaffy, flattish ; chaffs with concave scales. ESSENTIAL 

 CHARACTER. Calix: imbricate, hemispherical. Doum.-none. 

 Receptacle : chaffy. The species arei, 



1. Santolina Chamse-cyparissus ; Common Lavender Cotton. 

 Peduncles one-flowered ; leaves toothed four ways. Stalk 

 shrubby, dividing rn to many woody branches ; leaves copious, 

 soft, and hoary, with a powerful and very peculiar scent whe.n 

 bruised ; flowers deep yellow. This plant will rise nearly 

 three feet high in a dry soil and sheltered situation. There 

 are several varieties ; as, the Hoary, the Dark Green, and 

 the Rosemary-leaved, all of which Mr. Miller considered as 

 distinct species. Lavender Cotton is acrid, bitter, and aro- 

 matic, possessing qualities similar to Southernwood : it is 

 reputed resolvent, corroborant, and diaphoretic. The leaves 

 or flowers in powder may be given in the dose of a drachm 

 as a medicine for worms, or double the quantity of the infn- 

 sjon of the leaves. It is an efficacious though a disagreeable 

 medicine, and is reputed to remove obstructions of the vis- 

 cera, and by many persons as a cure for the jaundice. All 

 the plants of this genus are hardy, and will thrive in the 

 open air, provided they be planted in a poor dry soil, for in 

 such ground the plants being stinted, will be better able to 

 resist the cold ; and they will have a better appearance than 

 those which are in rich ground, whose branches being long 

 and diffused, are displaced and sometimes broken down by 

 hard rains or strong winds. These plants may be cultivated 

 so as to become ornaments to a garden, particularly in small 

 bosquets of evergreen shrubs, where, if (hey are artfully 

 intermixed with other plants of the same kind, and placed 

 in the front line, they will make an agreeable variety, espe- 

 cially if care be taken to trim them twice in summer to keep 



