550 



SCO 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 



SCO 



caterpillars feeding on the plants ; and it is for this oddness 

 of their pods that these plants are chiefly preserved. The 

 first species is the best worth cultivating, the pods being 

 larger and more visible than the others. These plants are 

 cultivated more on account of therr oddness than beauty. 



2. Scorpiurus Muricata; Two-flowered Caterpillar. Pe- 

 duncles two-flowered ; legumes bluntly prickly outwards. 

 This has the appearance, duration, and stature, of the pre- 

 ceding; differing only in having the peduncles two-floweied. 

 Native of the south of Europe. 



3. Scorpiurus Sulcata; Three-flowered Caterpillar. Pedun- 

 cles subtriflorous ; legumes with distinct acute spines on the 

 outside. This has slenderer stalks than either of the above. 

 Native of the south of Europe. 



4. Scorpiurus Subvillosa. Peduncles mostly four-flowered; 

 legumes with acute spines in clusters outwardly ; stems stri- 

 ated, subvillose, procumbent. Native of the south of Europe, 

 and Barbary about Algiers. 



Scorzonera ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly- 

 gamia-jEqualis. Calix: common imbricate, long, subcylin- 

 drical ; scales about fifteen, scariose at the edges. Corolla : 

 compound imbricate, uniform ; corollets hermaphrodite, 

 numerous, the outer a little longer; proper one-petalled, 

 ligulate, linear, truncate, five-toothed. Stamina: filamenta 

 five, capillary, very short ; antherse cylindrical, tubular. 

 Pistil: germen oblong; style filiform, length of the stamina; 

 stigmas two, refiexed. Pericarp : none, except the calix, 

 which is ovate, oblong, converging, and finally spreading 

 and reflexed. Seeds: solitary, oblong, cylindrical, striated, 

 shorter by half than t-he calix. Pappus : feathered ; 

 (according to Geertner sessile, with chaffy and bristly rays 

 mixed.) Receptacle : naked. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. 

 Calix: imbricate, with scales scariose at the edges. Pappus: 

 feathered, sessile. Receptacle: naked. All the species may 

 be propagated by sowing their seeds in the beginning of 

 April upon a spot of light fresh soil. The best method of 

 sowing them is, to draw shallow furrows by a line about a 

 foot asunder, into which the seeds should be scattered thinly, 

 covering them over about half an inch thick with the same 

 light earth ; and when the plants come up, they should be 

 thinned where they are too thick in the rows, leaving them 

 at least six inches asunder. The weeds should be hoed down 

 as often as is necessary, or they will cause the plants to grow 

 tip weak. If yeu wish to save the seeds, let some of the best 

 plants remain in the places where they grew; and when their 

 stems are grown to their height, they should be supported 

 with stakes, to prevent their falling to the ground or breaking. 

 In June they will flower, and about the beginning of August 

 their seeds will ripen, when they should be gathered and 



preserved dry till the spring following for use. The 



species are, 



1. Scoizonera Tomentosa ; White Viper's Grass. Stem 

 simple; leaves ovate, nerved, tomentose, quite entire, sessile. 

 Stem one or two feet high, round, striated, leafy, somewhat 

 corymbose at the top, clothed, as is every part of the herb, 

 with soft hoary down. Grows in Armenia, in the Archi- 

 pelago, and on the banks of the Don. 



2. Scorzonera Humilis; Dwarf Viper's Grass. Stem 

 almost naked, one-flowered; leaves broad, lanceolate, nerved, 

 fiat. Native of the mountains of Switzerland. 



3. Scorzonera Parvifiora ; Small-flowered Viper's Grass. 

 Stems branched; leaves linear, ensiform, entire; ray of the 

 corolla 'very short. Native of Austria. 



4. Scorzonera Hispanioa; Garden Vipers Grass, or Spa 

 nish Scorzonera. Stem branched ; leaves embracing, entire, 

 serrulate. Root carrot-shaped, about the thickness of a 



finger, and covered with a dark brownish skin ; it is white 

 within, and has a milky juice; flowers bright yellow. The 

 roots are boiled and eaten as carrots, and sometimes fried in 

 butter : they are ready for use in autumn and winter. Native of 

 Spain, the south of France, Italy, Siberia, and the Levant. 



5. Scorzonera Undulata; Wavy-leaved Viper's Grass. Stems 

 linear-lanceolate, attenuated, tomentose, waved; stem some- 

 what branched. Common in the parched ground of Tunis. 



6. Scorzonera Graminifolia ; Grass-leaved Viper's Grass. 

 Leaves linear, ensiform, entire, keeled; root perennial, brown 

 on the outside. Native of Portugal, Italy, and Siberia.' 



7. Scorzonera Purpurea; Purple-flowered Viper's Grass. 

 Leaves linear-subulate, channelled, three-sided ; peduncles 

 cylindrical ; stalk taper, and branching at the top ; flowers 

 pale purple. Native of the march of Brandenburgh, Austria, 

 Carniola, Barbary, and Siberia. 



8. Scorzonera Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Viper's Grass. 

 Leaves subulate, entire ; peduncles thickened; stem villose 

 at the base. This grows a foot and half high ; the peduncle 

 immediately under the flower is thicker than it is below, and 

 the lower part of the stalk is hairy. The flower is yellow. 

 Native of the south of Europe and Siberia. 



9. Scorzonera Hirsuta ; Hairy Viper's Grass. Leaves 

 linear, hirsute; stem one-flowered, hirsute. Native of Apulia 

 and Provence. 



10. Scorzonera Resedifolia ; Spreading Viper's Grass. 

 Leaves whitish, tooth-pinnatifid, smooth ; calices cartilagi- 

 nous, with a whitish tip; stem erect. Biennial, flowering in 

 June and July. -Native of the south of France. 



11. Scornonera Calcitrapifolia. Lower leaves lyrate, with 

 the segments oblong and mucronate, the upper pinnatifid. 

 Native of the kingdom of Tunis in Africa. 



12. Scorzonera Laciniata; Cut-leaved Viper's Grass. 

 Leaves linear, toothed, acute; stem erect; scales of the 

 calices from spreading mucronate; root biennial. Native of 

 Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the south of France, Italy, 

 and Spain. 



13. Scorzonera Cororiopifolia ; Buck's-horn Viper's Grass. 

 Leaves pinnatifid-laciniate, pubescent; stem almost naked, 

 simple, one-flowered ; root perennial, fusiform, in thickness 

 from that of the little finger to the thumb. Native of the 

 mountains of Barbary. 



14. Scorzonera Orientalis ; Levant Viper's Grass. Leaves 

 sinuate, toothletted, acute ; stems one or two flowered. 

 Found in the Levant. 



15. Scorzonera Taraxacifolia ; Dandelion-leaved Viper's 

 Grass. Leaves runcinate,petioled ; scape branched, leafless; 

 root perennial, fusiform, and white, and scarcely the thick- 

 ness of one's little finger ; flowers deep yellow. Native of 

 Bohemia, flowering from July to the end of August. 



16. Scorzonera Tingitana; Poppy-leaved Viper's Grass. 

 All the leaves runcinate and embracing ; stem upright, 

 smooth, branched. Annual. Native of Barbary : found at 

 Tangier in the clefts of rocks. 



17. Scorzonera Dichotoma; Dichotomoits Viper's Grnsi. 

 Root-leaves runcinate; stem branched, dichotomous, almost 

 leafless ; flowers terminating, solitary. Found in Tunis. 



18. Scorzonera Picroide s ; Various-leaved Vipers Grass. 

 Upper leaves embracing, quite entire; lower runcinute; 

 peduncles scaly. Annual. Native of the south of France, 

 and of Barbary. 



19. Scorzonera Pinnatifida. Leaves pinnatifid, half- 

 embracing; panicle diffused, terminating. Native of eastern 

 Africa, near Mosambique. 



Scotch Fir. See PMIIS. 

 Scotch Grass. See Panicum. 



