TOR 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



TO U 



681 



when a purging comes on improperly in that disorder, nothing 

 excels it. The root in powder is good for those that spit blood, 

 also against the bleeding piles, bloody stools, and immoderate 

 menses. The roots of this plant are used in most of the wes- 

 tern isles of Scotland, and in the Orkneys, to tan leather, for 

 which they are thought to be superior to Oak-bark. They are 

 first boiled iu water, and the leather is then steeped in the cold 

 liquor. In the islands of Tyrie and Col the inhabitants have 

 destroyed so much ground by digging them up, that the fur- 

 ther use of the plant has been prohibited. They are also used 

 for dyeing a red colour; and for rearing swine, upon the moun- 

 tains of Killarney in Ireland. Native of Europe in dry pas- 

 tures, especially on heaths among small shrubs, flowering in 

 June and July. Some flowers are occasionally found with five 

 petals, and ten segments of the calix; but this rarely happens. 



2. Tormentilla Reptans; Trailing Tormenl.il. Stem pros- 

 trate, simple; leaves petioled. Root perennial, small, and 

 slender; stems few, nearly two feet long, often simple, entirely 

 prostrate, but not creeping. The whole herb hairy, and of a 

 light green ; peduncles solitary, longer than the leaves, op- 

 posite to a leaf, or axillary; corolla bright yellow, twice as 

 large as in the common sort; petals obcordate, roundish; 

 seeds wrinkled. This plant differs from Potentilla Erecta in 

 having a trailing seem not striking root at the joints; whilst 

 that has a creeping stem which takes root at every joint. 

 Native of Germany and England ; with us, it occurs about 

 hedges and the borders of fields, in dry places, but is by 

 no means common. It has been observed by Ray on the 

 borders of corn-fields bf tween Hockley and Shotover woods, 

 and elsewhere in Oxfordshire. It has been found in the 

 wood under Shotover hill, and at Headington, in the parish 

 of Braintree in Essex ; in Surry ; at Berkhamstead in Hert- 

 fordshire ; at Lakenham near Norwich ; at Brighouse near 

 Halifax, Yorkshire; near Manchester; in Purbeck; in the 

 closes at New Bridge, between Ringwood and Wiubonrne ; 

 under Hod-hill; and not unfrequently in Ireland. 



Tortula; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Musci. 

 The stems are erect, sometimes short, or nearly wanting; root 

 fibrous, mostly perennial ; leaves entire ; fruit-stalks termi- 

 nal, or lateral; capsule nearly erect, generally even, rarely 

 furrowed ; lid conical or awl-shaped ; fringe long, brown, 

 or deep red, elegantly twisted, its points rather loose and 

 spreading. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Capsule: oblong. 

 Fringe: simple, of numerous capillary teeth, spirally and 

 repeatedly twisted together. It is a most natural genus, of 

 a dwarfish habit. The species are, 



1. Tortula Rigida ; Rigid Screw Moss. Stem very short ; 

 leaves spreading, rigid, involute, obtuse, ribless ; capsule 

 cylindrical; lid conical. It bears capsules in the winter and 

 early spring. Fringe brown, of thirty-two fine teeth. Found 

 on rocks, walls, chalky banks and cliffs, in England, and all 

 orer Europe. It has been observed upon the right hand of the 

 road from Norwich to Yarmouth, a little beyond Thorpe. 



1. Tortula Convoluta; Convoluted Screw Moss. Branches 

 short; stem-leaves lanceolate, keeled, those of the sheath ob- 

 tuse, convoluted, and ribless ; lid taper, oblique. The peren- 

 nial roots bear broad, dense patches of very low leafy stems, 

 with very short branches. Native of sandy heaths, dry banks, 

 and walls, in England, Ireland, Sweden, and Germany. 



3. Tortula Nervosa; Rib-sheathed Screw Moss. ' Stem 

 much branched ; leaves all ovate, acute, keeled, with a mid- 

 rib; sheaths between the branches, imbricated. It bears 

 capsules in March, and is very common in England, Ger- 

 many, and Sweden. 



4. Tortula Stellata; Starry -furrowed Screw Moss. Stem 

 none ; leaves ovate, keeled, incurved ; capsule erect, ovate, 



somewhat cylindrical, furrowed; lid oblique. Found prin- 

 cipally in Scotland, in the neighbourhood of rivers. 



5. Tortula Ruralis; Great Hairy Screw Moss. Stem 

 branched ; leaves obtuse, recurved, hair-pointed, the upper- 

 most stellated; capsule cylindrical, somewhat ovate. This is 

 much larger than any of the preceding; the stems, about two 

 inches high, compose broad cushion-like patches, of a dirty 

 hoary aspect in dry weather, dark green in wet; and bearing 

 abundance of upright capsules, on long red stalks, in winter 

 and spring. Found on walls, roofs, and trunks of trees, all 

 over Europe. 



6. Tortula Subulata ; Awl-shaped Screw Moss. Stem 

 nearly simple, short; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed ; cap- 

 sule cylindrical ; lid awl-shaped, straight. It forms dense 

 perennial tufts, of a fine deep green, bearing capsules in March 

 and April. Found iti damp shady places in the internal coun- 

 tries of Europe : rare in Sweden and Scotland. 



7. Tortula Muralis; Wall Screw Moss. Stem mostly 

 simple, very short; leaves ovate, acute, hair-pointed; cap- 

 sule cylindrical, slightly elliptical ; lid conical. This is per- 

 haps the most universal of all Mosses throughout Europe. 

 Every wall and bank is covered with it; and the abundant 

 capsules, produced in winter and spring, remain in a dry 

 and empty state almost throughout the year. The stems are 

 very short, composing broad dark-green patches, and rendered 

 hoary by the terminal white hairs of the leaves. 



8. Tortula Cuneifolia ; Wedge-shaped Screw Moss. Stem 

 very short, mostly simple ; leaves obovate, reticulated, pel- 

 lucid, slightly pointed; capsule cylindrical; lid conical. 

 Found on banks and sandy ground, at Streatham in Surry, 

 abundantly about Oxford; and on some old banks at Hop- 

 ton near Yarmouth. 



9. Tortula Tortuosa; Frizzled Mountain Screw Moss. 

 Stem branched, level-topped; leaves linear, inclining to lan- 

 ceolate, keeled, twisted and undulated when dry; capsule 

 cylindrical, slightly ovate ; fringe lax. A large and hand- 

 some species, whose stems, from two to four inches high, 

 compose broad and soft tufts of a most beautiful green. 

 Plentiful on the mountains of Wales, Scotland, and the 

 north of England, Derbyshire, &c. ; found also in Sweden, 

 Germany, and Italy. 



10. Tortula Barbata; Bearded Lateral Screw Moss. Stem 

 branched from the base ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, spread- 

 ing, somewhat revolute; fruit-stalks lateral; capsule ovate. 

 Found on walls and heaths, during winter and spring; some- 

 times met with in the neighbourhood of London. 



1 1 . Tortula Imberbis ; Deciduous Screiv Moss. Stem 

 branched; leaves awl-shaped, spreading, ovate at the base; 

 capsules cylindrical, somewhat elliptical. It occurs on 

 walls, dry banks, and among grass, perfecting its capsules 

 very early in the spring. 



12. Tortula Aristata; Short-pointed Screw Moss. Stem 

 branched, level-topped ; leaves oblong, obtuse, with a 

 minute point, curved inward and twisted when dry; capsule 

 cylindrical. Found on walls about Croydon in Surry. 



Tournffvrtia ; (so called by Linneus in memory of Joseph 

 Pitton de Tournefort, the author of an elegant arrangement 

 of plants, under the title of Institutianes Kei Herbaria, &c.) 

 a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogynia. GENERIC 

 CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, five-parted, small ; 

 segments awl-shaped, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, fun- 

 nel-form; tube cylindrical, globular at the base; border half 

 five-cleft, spreading; segments acuminate, horizontal, gib- 

 bous in the middle. Stamina: filamenta five, awl-shaped, at 

 the throat of the corolla ; anther simple, in the throat con- 

 verging 1 , acuminate. Pistil: germen.globular, superior; style 



