686 



TR A 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 



T R A 



2. Tragopogon Mutabilis ; Changeable Goat's Beard, 

 Calices eight-leaved, equalling the ray of the corolla; leaves 

 entire, stiff, lanceolate, acuminate. Root biennial. The whole 

 plant smooth and milky ; stem round, upright, branched at 

 all the axils from the very root ; flowers spreading very much, 

 nodding towards the sun ; they open nearly at sun-rise, and 

 close again about ten o'clock, and so continue for three days, 

 during which the florets successively expand ; corollas five- 

 lined, five-toothed, for the most part white on both sides; but 

 some are rose-coloured, with red streaks, others yellow, with 

 purple streaks, and different shades ; hence the trivial name 

 Mutabilis, or Changeable. Native of Siberia. 



3. Tragopogon Undulatus ; Wave-leaved Goat's Beard. 

 Calices equalling the ray of the corolla ; leaves entire, sub- 

 linear, those on the stem waving very much. Root fusiform, 

 biennial, the thickness of a finger; stem erect, from four to 

 seven feet high, clothed with a short wool, which falls off, 

 and it is then smooth; corollets sulphur-coloured on both 

 sides, often paler ; antherse brownish ; styles yellow. Found 

 in the meadows of Tauria. 



4. Tragopogon Orientalis ; Oriental Goat's Beard. Calices 

 shorter than the ray of the corolla ; leaves entire, somewhat 

 waved. Native of the Levant. 



5. Tragopogon Major ; Great Yellow Goat's Beard. Cali- 

 ces longer than the ray of the corolla ; leaves tapering, 

 straight; peduncles thickened at top; corollets rounded at 

 the end. Root biennial, long, tapering or round, fusiform, 

 that and the whole plant abounding with a sweet milky juice, 

 which soon turns to a brown resin, from the evaporation of 

 its watery particles. Native of meadows, vineyards, &c. in 

 Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, flowering in August. 



6. Tragopogon Porrifolius ; Purple Goat's Beard, or Sal- 

 sqfie. Calices half as long again as the ray of the corollas ; 

 leaves entire, stiff; peduncle thickened at top. Herb smooth, 

 glaucous, about four feet high ; stem round, erect, branch- 

 ing, leafy ; flowers solitary, terminating, of a violet-purple, 

 with black anthers ;' the stalk, which supports them, tapering 

 from the calix downwards. Mr. Woodward remarks, that the 

 leaves on the stem are shorter than in the Pratensis, being 

 scarcely longer than the internodial spaces. The flowers, as 

 Dr. Smith observes, close early in the day. It is cultivated 

 in gardens, and known by the name of Salsafie: the roots, 

 when boiled or stewed, have a mild, sweetish flavour. Some 

 persons cultivate it for the stalks, which are cut in the spring, 

 when they are four or five inches high, and dressed like Aspa- 

 ragus. Native of many parts of Europe, flowering in May 

 and June. Though not very general in England, it is often 

 found in upland pastures. Gerarde says, that it grew only 

 upon the banks of the river Chalder, near Whalley in Lan- 

 cashire. It has been since observed in Cornwall ; in the 

 fields about Carlisle, and Rose Castle, in Cumberland ; in 

 the marshes below Woolwich, and near Edmonton ; also in 

 the meadows below St. Vincent's rocks, Bristol. 



7. Tragopogon Crocifolius; Crocus-leaved Goat's Beard. 

 Calices longer than the ray of the corolla; leaves entire; 

 root-leaves and peduncles villose at the base; flowers violet, 

 of two rows only, but in the middle rather yellow. Biennial. 



Native of Italy, and the south of France. 



8. Tragopogon Villosus ; Hairy Goat's Beard. Calices 

 half as long again as the ray of the corolla ; stem and leaves 

 villose; root biennial. The whole plant is pubescent, with 

 white villose hairs. Flowers pale yellow, when expanded 

 drooping a little. Native of Spain and Siberia. 



9. Tragopogon Dalechampii ; Great-lowered Goat's Beard. 

 Calices one-leafed, shorter than the corolla, unarmed ; leaves 

 runcinate. Root perennial, thick, and succulent : stems about 



a foot high, sometimes less; florets large, pale yellow above, 

 red or purple underneath. From the centre of the root-leaves, 

 which spread in a rose, rises a naked thick flower-stalk, 

 villose and thicker in the upper part, where it terminates in 

 a very large flower, of a pale yellow or sulphur-colour. It 

 flowers from June to October. Native of Spain, the south 

 of France, and Barbary. 



10. Tragopogon Picroides; Prickly-cupped Goat's Beard. 

 Calices one-leafed, shorter than the corolla, prickly; leaves 

 runcinate, toothletted. Stems hollow, tender, a little branched ; 

 flowers yellow; seeds joined on one stipe, terminated by 

 another, as in the preceding species. Gouan remarks, that 

 in shady places it varies, like the Sowthistle, with the leaves 

 entire or runcinate, the root-leaves often obovate and entire, 

 the stem scarcely branched, and low, so that it might be easily 

 taken for the Asper ; but it differs manifestly in having the 

 stem-leaves'always dilated at the base. It flowers in July 

 and August. Native of the south of Europe. 



11. Tragopogon Asper; Rough Goat's Beard. Calices 

 shorter than the corolla, hispid ; leaves entire ; stem-leaves 

 oblong. This varies very much in open exposed situations, 

 so as to assume the appearance of a different species. Annual : 

 flowering in July and August. Native of Montpellier. 



12. Tragopogon Dandelion; Dandelion Goat's Beard. 

 Leaves ensiform, entire, even ; scapes radical ; seed-down 

 hairy. Native of Virginia. 



13. Tragopogon Lanatus ; Woolly Goat's Beard. Leaves 

 ensiform, waved, villose ; scapes radical. Native of Palestine. 



14. Tragopogon Virginicum; Virginia Goat's Beard. Ra- 

 dical leaves lyrate, rounded; stem-leaves undivided; stems 

 almost naked, upright, stiff, with one or two lanceolate embra- 

 cing leaves on them, and few branches; florets deep yellow; 

 calix divided into twelve leaves to the base, equal, shorter 

 than the corolla. Native of North America. 



Trailing Arbutus. See Epigcea. 



Trapa; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Monogynia. 

 GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, four- 

 parted, acute, permanent, growing to the base of the germen ; 

 leaflets two, lateral, and two at the angles of the germen. 

 Corolla: petals four, obovate, larger than the calix. Sta- 

 mina: filamenta four, length of the calix; antheree simple. 

 Pistil: germen ovate, two-celled ; style simple, length of the 

 calix; stigma headed, emarginate. Pericarp : none. Seed: 

 nut ovate-oblong, one-celled, armed with two or four spines 

 in the middle of the side, opposite, spreading, (which were 

 the leaves of the calix,) acute, thick. ESSENTIAL CHARAC- 

 TER. Calix: four-parted. Corolla: four-petalled. Nut: 

 armed with four opposite spines, which were the leaves of 

 the calix. The species are, 



1. Trapa Natans ; Four-horned Water Caltrops. Nuts 

 four-horned ; spines spreading. Root round, fibrous, very 

 long, brown, putting forth a long, cylindrical, floating stem, 

 varying in length according to the depth of the water, fur- 

 nished with numerous, opposite, pectinated tufts of fibrous 

 radicles, gradually diminishing to simple fibres; and at the 

 top of the stem, which is thickened, these fibres are replaced 

 by alternate stalked leaves, which are crowded at the summit 

 into a large spreading star, floating on the surface of the 

 pool, and often or twelve inches in diameter. Each leaf is 

 rhomboid, succulent, an inch or more in breadth, veiny, 

 strongly toothed in front, entire at the base, the veins very 

 hairy beneath. Footstalks three or four times as long as the 

 leaves, smooth, swelling beyond the middle into an elliptical 

 cellular body, rendering the plant more buoyant. Flowers 

 small, white, on short club-shaped, axillary, simple, partly 

 hairy stalks, scarcely half an inch long; nut turbinate, 





