720 



T UR 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 



T U R 



small solitary. Native of Guiana, in the clefts of the rocks : 

 flowering in December. 



6. Turnera Rugosa ; Wrinkled Turnera. Peduncles axil- 

 lary, leafless; flowers five-styled; leaves oblong, erose-tooth- 

 ed, wrinkled. This is an annual plant, with a fibrous root; 

 stem branched, two feet high, hirsute with rufescent hairs, 

 which cover the whole plant; flowers small, yellow, on long, 

 slender, hairy stalks. Native of Cayenne and Guiana, on 

 sandy coasts, flowering nearly all the year. 



7. Turnera Cistoides; Betony-leaved Turnera. Peduncles 

 axillary, leafless; leaves linear-oblong, serrate at top. Root 

 annual, undivided, long, erect, white, thready; stem subdi- 

 vided, erect, half a foot high, round, hirsute, with alternate 

 spreading branches ; flowers solitary, in the axils, yellow and 

 small. Browne describes it as erect, with very narrow 

 leaves, and the flowers growing single at the axils of the 

 upper leaves. Native of Surinam. 



8. Turnera Racemosa ; Cluster-lowered Turnera. Ra- 

 cemes terminating, elongated ; leaves ovate-toothed ; pedun- 

 cles very long, one-flowered ; flowers yellow. Annual. Sup- 

 posed to be a native of the West Indies. 



9. Turnera Guianensis; Guiana Turnera. Raceme termi- 

 nating, few-flowered, naked ; leaves linear, serrate, biglan- 

 dular at the base. This plant puts forth from the root a 

 somewhat woody stem, two feet high ; flowers in terminating 

 spikes, on short peduncles, each biglandular at its rise ; co- 

 rolla yellow. Annual. Native of Guiana, found in marshy 

 meadows, flowering in April. 



Turnsole. See Croton and Heliotropium. 



Turpentine-tree. See Pistacia Terebinthus. 



Turraea; a genus of the class Decandria, order Monogy- 

 nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed, 

 bell-shaped, five-toothed, very small, permanent. Corolla : 

 petals five, linear, spreading, long ; nectary tube cylindrical, 

 length of the petals, with a ten-cleft mouth. Stamina : fila- 

 nienta ten, within the mouth of the nectary , very short ; 

 antheree subovate. PistiL germen roundish ; style filiform, 

 length of the nectary; stigmas thickish, wrinkled. Pericarp: 

 capsule roundish, pentacoccous ; with the valves opening 

 longitudinally. Seeds: two, kidney-shaped. Observe. The 

 corollas of Melia, Swietenia, and Trichilia, are very like them. 

 ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-toothed. Petals : 

 five. Nectary: toothed, cylindrical, bearing the antherae at 

 the mouth, between the teeth. Capsule : pentacoccous. 

 Seeds: two. The species are, 



1. Turrsea Virens. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, emarginate, 

 very smooth; calices and fruits silky, villose. This is an 

 evergreen tree or shrub, with scattered, divaricated, leafy 

 branches ; and a smooth cloven bark, silky, villose on the 

 twigs; flowers lateral, shaped into a very small axillary spike, 

 with a few small leaves interposed. Found in the East In- 

 dies, among heaps of scoriae on worn-out volcanoes. 



2. Turraea Pubescens. Leaves ovate, emarginate, pubes- 

 cent beneath ; calices villose ; flowers aggregate. Fruit as 

 yet unknown. Native of the isle of Hainan. 



3. Turraea Maculata. Leaves ovate, acute, smooth ; 

 calices ciliate; branches alternate; bark cloven, but very 

 smooth ; flowers in lateral bundles, with small acute ciliate 

 bractes interposed. Native of Madagascar. 



4. Turrsea Sericea. Leaves ovate, bluntish, tomentose on 

 both sides; calices, peduncles, and petals, villose; branches 

 alternate, with a dusky and slightly pubescent bark ; flowers 

 from the lateral buds mostly solitary, very large, red, droop- 

 ing, bursting forth whilst the leaves are yet tender. Fpund 

 in Madagascar. 



5. Turraea Lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, rounded on 



both sides, smooth ; segments of the calix very long, lanceo- 

 late ; stem frutescent, covered with a gray bark ; branches 

 wand-like ; petals yellow, with a scarlet base ; fruit covered 

 with a rufous nap. Found in Madagascar. 



Turritis; a genus of the class Tetradynamia, order Sili- 

 quosa. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth four- 

 leaved; leaflets ovate-oblong, from parallel-converging, deci- 

 duous. Corolla : four-petalled, cruciform ; petals ovate, ob- 

 long, obtuse, erect, entire; claws erect. Stamina: filamenta 

 six, awl-shaped erect, length of the claws, two of them short; 

 antheree simple. Pistil: germen length of the flower, round, 

 somewhat compressed ; style none ; stigma obtuse. Peri- 

 carp: silique very long, stiff, four-cornered; angles oppo- 

 site, alternate, obsolete, and somewhat compressed, two- 

 celled, two-valved; valves scarcely equal to the partition. 

 Seeds: very numerous, roundish, emarginate. ESSENTIAL 

 CHARACTER. Silique: very long, angular. Calix: converg- 

 ing, erect. Corolla : erect. If the seeds of these plants be 

 permitted to scatter, or if they be sown on a wall among 

 rock-work, or in a dry border, there will be no hazard of 

 their maintaining their situation. The species are, 



1. Turritis Glabra; Smooth Tower- Mustard. Root-leaves 

 toothed, hispid; stem-leaves quite entire, embracing the stem. 

 Root biennial, fusiform; stem simple, erect, wand-like, two or 

 three feet high, round, smooth; flowers numerous, small, in a 

 corymb, which soon becomes a spike ; petals pale sulphur- 

 coloured or greenish-white, entire. Dr. Withering wished to 

 have this plant named Towerwort; and Mr. Curtis remarks, 

 that it varies so much in size, that the old botanists make two 

 species of it. Native of most parts of Europe, in pastures, 

 pits, and other waste places ; and on banks near hedges, on 

 a dry gravelly soil ; flowering from May to July. It is not 

 very common near London ; but has been noticed at Charl- 

 ton, in Kent; between Yarmouth and Norwich; at Spixwort, 

 and in the road to Coltishall; in Thurston church-yard, Suf- 

 folk; and in the field adjoining; near Colchester, in Essex; 

 at Stowwood, in Oxfordshire ; near Lichfield Castle, Brom- 

 wich ; between Ashbourne and Okeover, in Derbyshire ; in 

 the quarries above Bath; on St. Vincent's rocks, near Bristol; 

 and about Darfield, near Barnsley, in Yorkshire. 



2. Turritis Lsevigata; American Smooth Tower- Mustard. 

 Leaves smooih ; root-leaves obovate, serrate ; stem-leaves 

 lanceolate-linear, quite entire, embracing. Root biennial; 

 stem quite simple, a foot high; flowers like those of the pre- 

 ceding species, but a little smaller ; it is, however, clearly 

 distinct from the preceding, which it otherwise resembles by 

 its smooth, obovate, serrate root-leaves; and its narrower 

 lanceolate-linear stem-leaves. Native of Pennsylvania. 



3. Turritis Stricta ; Slender Tower- Mustard. Leaves 

 smooth, shining; radical ones ovate, somewhat toothed; 

 stem-leaves lanceolate, sharply toothed, sessile ; stem sim- 

 ple, two feet high, erect. It is allied to the next species, 

 from which it differs chiefly in its smoothness. Native of 

 moist meadows in Piedmont. 



4. Turritis Hirsuta ; Hairy Tower-Mustard. All the 

 leaves hispid; stem rough-haired; hairs simple, spreading; 

 silique quadrangular. Root strong, woody, perennial ; stems 

 generally several, one of which is much stronger than the 

 rest, erect, a foot high, leafy, branched, round, clothed with 

 thick-set, simple, white, prominent hairs; the upper part and 

 flowering-branches smooth ; flowers small, white. Mr. Wood- 

 ward remarks, that the plant does not grow so tall, and that 

 the pods are not nearly so numerous, as in the Smooth Tower- 

 wort; the corolla also is white, and the flower appears 

 earlier. Native of many parts of Europe, on rocks, in stony 

 places, on old walls and castles, and in dry mountainous 



