OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



843 



Mr. Miller recommends the following rules to be observed 

 in the disposition of a large garden : There ought always to 

 be a descent of at least three steps from the house to the gar- 

 den; this will render the house more dry and wholesome, 

 arid the prospect, on entering the garden, more extensive. 

 The first thing that ought to present itself to view, should be 

 an open lawn of grass ; which ought to be considerably 

 broader than the front of the building ; and if the depth be 

 one-half more than the width, it will have a better effect : 

 if, on the sides of the lawn, there are trees planted irregu- 

 larly, by way of open groves, the regularity of the lawn will 

 be broken, and the whole rendered more like nature. For 

 the convenience of walking in damp weather, the whole 

 should be surrounded with a gravel walk, on the outside 

 of which should be borders, three or four feet wide, for 

 flowers : and from the ^ack of these, the prospect will be 

 agreeably terminated by a slope of evergreen shrubs ; which, 

 however, should never be suffered to curtail any agreeable 

 prospect. The walks should lead by gentle windings through 

 the different plantations, where shade and seclusion may be 

 enjoyed at pleasure. Running water, where it can be intro- 

 duced, has a much more agreeable effect than stagnant ponds. 

 The several parts of the garden should be diversified ; but 

 wherever the eye takes in the whole at once, the two sides 

 should be similar. Every where the greatest art is required 

 to avoid the appearance of art : nothing is more offensive to 

 the eye of taste, than trees and shrubs cut to symmetrical 

 figures. See the annexed Engraving for " Suggestions for 

 making a regular form of ground picturesque, by giving views 

 into the neighbouring scenery." 



In the Kitchen Garden, which is often conjoined with the 

 Fruit Garden, the border should be about eight or ten feet 

 broad : the borders exposed to the south are fittest for early 

 plants, and those exposed to the north for late ones, taking care 

 not to plant any deep-rooting plants, especially Beans and Peas, 

 very near the fruit-trees. The divisions of the ground must 

 be determined by its size and shape ; care should be taken 

 not to have very small divisions, as they will require an un- 

 necessary number of walks, and in the areas enclosed by 

 treillages, plants will not thrive for want of a free exposure. 

 A walk six feet broad will be sufficient for a garden of mode- 

 rate size, but in a large one ten feet may be allowed ; on each 

 side of the walk, should be a border of three or four feet, 

 between it and the espaliers. These borders are suitable for 

 salads, and other plants, which neither take deep root nor 

 continue long, and the sort should be varied each year. 



In forming new Kitchen Garden grounds, where the soil is 

 of a strong, stiff, heavy quality, they should be ploughed or 

 trenched over three or four times, being exposed to the 

 effects of frost, in pretty high ridges, for a winter, in order to 

 bring them into a proper condition before the crops are put 

 in. A crop of Potatoes or Beans also assists greatly to bring 

 th m into a proper state of pulverization for being planted 

 wi:h culinary vegetables. When the land is become suffi- 

 ciently broken down and reduced, the wall and other trees, 

 as well as different sorts of vegetable crops, may be put in. 

 Some, however, put the fruit-trees in before this has been 

 accomplished ; but it is not a good practice, as they are liable 

 to be injured by the digging which afterwards becomes neces- 

 sary in preparing the soil in a proper manner. 



In planting wall-trees, they should be set at different dis- 

 tances, according to their kinds : those of the Peach, Nec- 

 tarine, Apricot, Plums, and Cherry descriptions, at fifteen, 

 eighteen, or more feet ; and for Figs and Pears, twenty are 

 seldom too much, suitable aspects being chosen, according 

 to their kinds. Between the wall-fruit trees, some at firsl 

 VOL. ii. 136. 



ntroduce half or full standards, that the walls may at once 

 be covered, removing them afterwards. Trees of the espa- 

 lier kind are likewise frequently introduced in ranges round 

 the main quarters, at the distance of about six feet from the 

 side of the walk, and from fifteen to twenty in the rows, 

 according to the sorts that are made use of. Within these 

 ranges of espalier trees, good standards of tall growth are 

 occasionally introduced,- at the distance of thirty, forty, or 

 more feet, in each direction. Fruit-trees, of the small shrubby 

 kinds, such as Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, &c. where 

 there are not outslips, are frequently introduced on, the sides 

 of the quarters, and as divisions to them when large, at the 

 distance of eight or nine feet from each other. When plant- 

 ed in this way, they should be trained in the fan-form. But 

 it is better, where it can be done, to have them in separate 

 plantations, especially the first sort. 



A constant attention to digging and weeding is indispens- 

 able to the success of a garden ; as also the use of abundance 

 of manure. For the properties of which, as well as Grafting, 

 Inarching, Inoculation, &c. we refer to the different parts of 

 this work, under their proper heads. 



Of the Distribution of Crops. 



This must be regulated by the nature of the situation, their 

 particular kinds, as well as the taste and experience of the 

 proprietor. On the narrow borders under the wall-trees, 

 various sorts of small crops may be raised, both of the early 

 and late kinds, according to the difference of the aspects ; 

 but all the deep-rooting sorts should be avoided, such as Cab- 

 bages, Cauliflowers, Beans, Peas, except those of the frame 

 kind, as being injurious to the trees by the shade which they 

 cause, as well as by depriving them of due nourishment. But 

 the large parts of the borders next the walks are proper for 

 raising all sorts of the more early crops, such as those of the 

 Radish, Spinach, Lettuce, Carrots, French Beans, Salad 

 herbs, and all the Dwarf Pea kinds that are cultivated in wide 

 rows ; those which have a southern aspect for the early crops; 

 the eastern and western ones for succession crops of the 

 several kinds ; and the northern ones, as being more cool, 

 for raising and pricking out many sorts of small plants, slips, 

 and cuttings, in the summer season, when the other parts are 

 apt to be too dry, and too much exposed to the heat of 

 the sun. 



All such borders as are next to the ranges of espalier trees, 

 are well suited to the different low-growing crops, such as 

 Lettuce, Spinach, Endive, Strawberries, &c. and for pricking 

 out upon, at different seasons, many sorts of plants, to be 

 afterwards transplanted into different situations, in order to 

 complete their growth. But the quarters, or large divisions, 

 should always be destined for the reception of the large prin- 

 cipal crops, such as those of Onion, Leek, Carrot, Parsnip, 

 Turnip, Beet, Potatoe, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Cole- 

 wort, Kale, Pea, Bean, Scarlet Bean, Celery, Artichoke, As- 

 paragus, and other similar kinds. 



In every department, the greatest attention should be paid, 

 to the keeping of the different parts fully cropped, as well as 

 to neatness and regular order ; and as the crops are removed 

 from the ground in the autumn, it is often of great advantage 

 to have it ridged up for the winter in a regular manner. 



When the garden has been laid out, planted, and finished, 

 it will be of much advantage to have a plan of it, with the 

 names of the different trees introduced in their proper places. 

 By this means the memory is greatly assisted, especially in 

 extensive grounds, and the various operations performed with 

 more regularity and exactness. 

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