BOTANICAL RETROSPECT. 103 



ranking among the best of their kind. Lambert following Linnaeus 

 included all the Abietineae under Pinus, as did Aiton in the Hortus 

 Ki'iwnsis, the second edition of which was published in 1813. In 

 1826 was published Louis Claude Richard's Memoire sur les Conifires, 

 edited by his son. This classical work is the earliest that dealt 

 scientifically with the Coniferae, and in it the foundation of the 

 present systematic arrangement of the Order is laid. Richard 

 arranges the whole Order under three tribes (Sectiones) : I. Taxiiieae, 

 including Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus, Taxus and Salisburia, 

 and also the Gnetaceous genus Ephedra ; II. Cupressineae, including 

 hmiperus, Thuia (Thuya), Callitris, Cupressus and Taxodium, the last- 

 named founded by himself for the reception of the deciduous Cypress, 

 C'//>ressus distichd of Linnaeus. III. Abietineae, including Pinus, Larix, 

 Cunninghamia, Agathis and Araucaria ; but in the sequel the Cedar, 

 the Larch, the Spruce, Silver and Hemlock Firs are all described 

 under Abies. In the following year Professor Link proposed in the 

 Journal of the Academy of Science of Berlin, the separation from 

 Pinus of the Spruce and Silver Firs as distinct genera, the first as 

 Picea and the second as Abies ; also Cedrus as distinct from Larix. 

 In 1841 Link again reviewed the Abietineae in Linncea, Vol. XV., 

 p. 484, and the genera Pinus, Picea, Abies, Cedrus and Larix may be 

 said to have been definitely established, although they were not taken 

 up by many of his successors as he left them. 



The TAXACE^as an Order distinct from the CONIFERS was proposed by 

 Dr. Lindley, following L. C. Richard's Section I. in the second edition 

 of his Natural System published in 1836 ; it Avas taken up by London 

 two years later in the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, but 

 failed to secure general acceptance notwithstanding the very marked 

 structural differences in the fruits, foliage and wood of the two' Orders. 

 By nearly all subsequent authors the Taxads were included in the 

 Coniferae under the tribes Taxeae or Taxineae and Podocarpeae. In 

 the Abietineae of London, Link's Abies and Picea are reversed, the 

 former name being applied to the Spruce, and the latter to the Silver 

 Firs in accordance with an unfortunate oversight of Linnaeus, who 

 named them Pinus Abies and P. Picea in contradiction to the classical 

 designation of these trees, and which had been adopted by the older 

 botanists. With London originated that confusion of Abies and Picea 

 which has proved so irksome to horticulturists and foresters, and which 

 was intensified by Gordon through the widely-distributed editions of his 

 Pinehun. David Don, who had assisted Lambert in the preparation of 

 the later editions of The Genus Pinus, established the tribe Araucarineae 

 in the Transactions of the Linnean Society published in 1841 ; it 

 included Araucaria and Agathis (Dammara) previously placed in the 

 Abietineae. 



In 1842, Spach, a French botanist of German origin, removed the 

 American White Cedar (Cupressus thyoides) from Cupressus, and 

 founded upon it the genus Chamaecyparis* on the ground chiefly 

 that the ovules of each fruit scale are restricted to two, and the fruit 

 is matured the first year instead of in the second as in the true 

 ( 'ypresses. It was afterwards enlarged by the addition of two north- 

 west American species and the Retinisporas of Siebold and Zuccarini. 

 Spacli's Chamaecyparis was taken up by most subsequent authors, and 

 * Histoire des Vegetaux Phanerogames, Tome XI. ]. 328. 



