104 BOTANICAL RETHOSPECT. 



is still retained by continental botanists. l>y Mr. Bentham the group 

 of Cypresses which it includes was made sectional under Thuia (Thuya),* 

 which, however, has met with no acceptance. 



The most eminent contributor to the systematic botany of the 

 Coniferae immediately after London's death was Stephen Endlicher (Vienna, 

 1804 1849). In his Synopsis Coniferarum published in 1847 the 

 Cupressineae, Abietineae, Podocarpeae and Taxineae were raised to the 

 rank of Natural Orders and sub-divided into tribes. The Taxodinea^ 

 as a tribe was here established; it included Taxodium, Glyptostrobus 

 and Cryptomeria, but curiously enough, Sequoia founded by himself, 

 Athrotaxis and Sciadopitys are placed in the Abietineae and grouped 

 with Cunninghamia and Agathis, the Araucarias forming a separate 

 tribe. The genus Finns is retained entire in the Linnaean sense, but 

 sub-divided into sections, one of which (Tsugae) comprised the Hemlock 

 and Douglas Firs, here separated for the first time from the Spruces. 

 Several generic changes made by Endlicher have been universally 

 adopted, the most noteworthy of which was the separation of the 

 Calif ornian Redwood from Taxodium upon which he founded the genus 

 Sequoia; he also established the, genus Libocedrus on Chilian and New 

 Zealand species previously referred to Thuia, and Widdringtonia on 

 a group of South African species allied* to Callitris. Endlicher was 

 followed by Carriere, Chef des Pepinieres du Museum d'Histoire Xaturelle 

 de Paris, who published a Traith General des Conifkres in 1855, of 

 which a second and enlarged edition appeared in 1867 ; in this work 

 Endlicher's classification is followed in all its essential features, but 

 Pinus is restricted to the true Pines, and Link's Abies, Picea, Cednis and 

 Larix are kept up, as is also Gordon's Pseudolarix ; Endlicher's section 

 Tsnga is raised to generic rank, for the Hemlock Eirs and two new 

 genera are broached under the names of Pseudotsuga and Keteleeria 

 respectively, the first for the reception of the Douglas Fir, and the 

 second for the Abies Fortunei of Lindley. The second edition of 

 Carriere's Traite was immediately followed by the elaboration of the 

 Conifer in De Candolle's Prodromus by Professor Parlatore of Florence. 

 Parlatore's systematic arrangement is based chiefly on that of Endlicher 

 with the divisional names of a lower rank ; in the Abietinese Pinus is 

 retained in its entirety but divided into two sub-genera, Pinus proper 

 for the Pines, and Sapinus for the remaining species except the 

 Araucarias and Agathis which are also included in the Abietinese as 

 a sub-tribe. Under the Taxodineae (Taxodieae) are included all the 

 genera at present contained in that tribe together with Cunninghamia 

 and Widdringtonia, and the Taxaceae as a whole are more distinctly 

 separated from the Coniferae than by previous authors, with the 

 exception of Lindley and London already mentioned. 



In 1881 was published the Coniferae worked out by Mr. Bentham for 

 the Genera Planfarum, the most prominent feature of which, as 

 distinguished from all previous elaborations, is the much simpler 

 systematic arrangement of the ( )rder, and which consists only of a primary 

 division into six tribes, with a sectional division of the more extensive 

 genera. The other changes made by Mr. Bentham are chiefly in the 

 circumscription of the genera, thus : In the Cupressineae, Widdringtonia 

 (Endl.), Tetraclinis (Yahl.) and Erenela (Mirbel) are merged into Callitris; 

 the first two, however, are restored by Dr. Masters; and Thujopsis 

 * Genera Plantaruin, Vol. III. ]>. 427. 



