TSUGA. 457 



JAMES EDWARD SMITH (17591828) was born at Norwich. He was induced by 

 his love of science to study medicine, for which purpose he proceeded to Edinburgh 

 University where he obtained in 1782 Dr. Hope's Gold Medal for the best botanical 

 collection. He shortly afterwards came to London, and in 1784 he purchased the 

 whole of the books, manuscripts and natural history collections of Linn<ieus which 

 cost 1,088, and which after his death became the property of the Linnean Society. 

 Two years later he made a tour through Holland. France, Italy and Switzerland, 

 of which he published an account. In 1788, with the assistance of Sir Joseph 

 Banks, Dr. Goodenough, Bishop of Norwich, and a few others, the Linnean Society 

 was founded and Smith was elected first President. In 1796 he removed to his 

 native city of Norwich, but paid a yearly visit of two months to London when he 

 gave a course of lectures on Botany at the Royal Institution in Albemarle Street. 

 In 1814 he was knighted by the Prince Regent when he presented a copy of the 

 Transactions of the Linnean Society. His published works are numerous, but that 

 by which he will be best remembered is his "English Botany," in thirty-six volumes 

 containing 2,592 coloured plates by Sowerby. 



TSUGA. 



Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. I. 185 (1855). Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 440 (1881). 

 Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 80 (1887). Masters in Joum. Linn. Soc. 

 XXX. 28 (1893). 



The group of trees known as Hemlock Firs* are readily distinguish- 

 able from all the other Abietinese by their habit and foliage, especially 

 by their slender, often drooping, terminal shoots clothed with leaves 

 having an anatomical structure different from that of all the other 

 Firs, and on which much stress is placed as a mark of the generic 

 distinctness of the group ; this .characteristic, combined with others 

 observable in the flowers and fruit to be presently noticed, has 

 secured the admission of Carriere's genus Tsuga by most recent 



authors. 



In their vegetation, the Hemlock Firs are normally tall evergreen 

 trees with straight erect trunks from which the primary brandies are 

 produced in pseudo-whorls, which are mostly much ramified. The 

 slender branchlets are marked with prominent pulvini at the base of 

 the leaves, and with cortical outgrowths descending from them. (See 

 Fig. 14 B., page 29.) Under climatic influence, those species inhabiting 

 high latitudes or ascending to high mountain altitudes are reduced to 

 low dense bushes or shrubs at their northern and highest vertical limits. 

 The leaves are flattened or slightly angular, one-nerved and distinctly 

 petiolate, spirally arranged around the shoot, but made pseudo-distichous 



by a twist of the 

 short footstalk. The 

 most obvious anatomical 

 character which dis- 

 tinguishes the leaves of 

 the Tsugas from those of 

 ;1 U O ther Firs is the position 



Fig. 113. Transverse section of leaf of Tsuga Brunoniana, X 30. o f t he resill canal ; this is 

 r, resin duct ; /, fibrovascular bundle. gh()wn in t h e accompany- 

 ing figure of a transverse section of the leaf of Tswja Brunoniana, the 

 minute structure of which does not differ essentially from that of 



* I have failed to ascertain the origin of this common name ; it has been applied to the 

 type species, Tsuga canadensis, from time immemorial, and thence extended to the others. 

 The Germans have a similar appellative in Schierlingstanne. 



