30 



Curschmann and Rose also give an account of „influenza" epi- 

 demics respectively in Leipzig in the winter of 1907—08, and in 

 Slrasburg in March and April 1909, where Pneumococcus was almost 

 exclusively found and never Pfeiffer's bacillus. 



Hirsch (Frankfurt a. M. 1912) and many others report the 

 frequent occurrence of Pfeiffer's bacillus in otitis, sometimes in 

 pure culture. 



Kruse (2) (1914) maintains that Pfeiffer's bacillus is probably 

 not the cause of pandemic influenza (which he assumes is an 

 infection due to a filterable virus, because it „wie ich nach meincn 

 seit 1889 datierenden Erfahrungen versichern darf, nur zeitweise bei 

 grippeahnlichen Erkrankungen und spater wieder in vielen Fallen, 

 die mit Grippe nichts zu tun haben (Keuchhusten, Masern u. s. w.) 

 gefunden werden." 



Luetscher (Baltimore 1915) found Pfeiffer's bacillus in acute 

 bronchitis (22 out of 47 cases), chronic bronchitis (6 out of 13), bron- 

 chopneumonia (22 out of 42), lobar pneumonia (5 out of 83), bron- 

 chiectasis (2 out of 4), asthma (1 out of 5), phthisis (3 out of 21), 

 laryngitis (7 out of 38), coryza (6 out of 38), disease of the ac- 

 cessory sinuses (4 out of 29) and in 7 out of 60 excised tonsils. 

 In most cases it was obtained in pure culture and considerable 

 numbers. Luetscher comes to the conclusion that Pfeiffer's ba- 

 cillus is not only present in influenza pandemics and epidemics 

 but also is „the cause of approximately 30 <y of the pulmonary 

 lesions in interepidemic periods." 



In the 5 years immediately preceding the pandemic v 1913— 18) 

 Pfeiffer's bacillus was demonstrated at the Rockefeller Institute, ac 

 cording to Stillman, in 20 o/ of 672 cases of pneumonia even 

 though it was not systematically sought for. It was merely en- 

 countered as a secondary finding in cultivations from mice in 

 which sputum had been inoculated in the examination for Pneumo- 

 coccus. 



In Europe also the occurrence of Pfeiffer's bacillus is 

 reported from many places in the last few years before the 

 pandemic, especially in „influenza" epidemics. 



Thalmann examined the sputum of 489 men from Nov. 1910 

 to Oct. 1912 during an epidemic in the garrison in Dresden and 

 found Pfeiffer's bacillus in 359, often in large numbers. He further 

 stales that those cases in which it was not found were mostly 

 not typical influenza. 



Huhsciimann (1) (Leipzig 1914) found Pfeiffer's bacillus in 2 

 cases of broncho-pneumonia as the predominating organism in the 

 small bronchioles. During Jan.— March 1915 he (2) found it in 31 

 out of 110 autopsies in the purulent or muco-purulent secretion of 

 the finer bronchioles "which in his experience was the site of 

 election of Pfeiffer's bacillus. (Pfeiffer, Herzog, Leichten- 



