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CONTENTS. 



THE EARTH. 



PAGE 



Elements, list of . . . .45 



Earths, list of 46 



Silica 46 



Alumina, Lime, Potassa . . .47 



Soda 48 



The Earth, surface of . . .49 



Strata 49 



diagram of .... 50 

 various positions of. . .51 



Faults or dykes 52 



Granite 53 



Gneiss 54 



Strata, primary 54 



Earth, primary period of . . .55 

 Stalagmites, formation of. . .58 



Terebratula 58 



Secondary system . . . .59 



Trilobites 59 



Mountains, formation of . . .61 

 Earth, section of part of . . .62 

 Volcanoes, formation of . . .62 

 Coral polypi . . , , .64 

 Encrinites . . , . . .65 

 Mountain limestone . . .65 



Basalt 66 



Tree-ferns, Pines, &c. 66 



Air, purification of , , . .67 

 Coal, formation of . . . .67 

 consumption of . . .68 

 Coal shales, ferns found in .69 



Earth's surface, alterations of . 69 



PAGE 



Labyrinthodon 70 



Red Sandstone, impressions in . 70 

 Saliferous system . . . .71 



Lias and oolite 71 



Ammonites and pentacrinites . . 72 

 Cretaceous system (chalk) . . 72 

 Ichthyosaurus and plesiosaurus . 73 



Coprolites 74 



Chalk, organic remains in . .75 



flints of 76 



Strata, tertiary 78 



Alluvium and diluvium . . .78 



quadrupeds of . . .78 



Dinotherium . . . .79 



Mammoth, &c 80 



Irish elk, paleotherium . . .81 

 Boulder formation . . . .82 



Fossil leaves 83 



Man, as yet unformed . . .83 



his remains only in upper strata 83 



Sculptures from Nineveh . . 84 



Earth's surface, always changing . 84 



as it is . . 86 



Earth, temperature of , . ,86 



Europe 87 



Asia and Africa 88 



America . , , , . .88 



Australia 89 



The Great Desert . . . .89 

 Oceans, , 90 



THE WATERS. 



The waters , . . . .91 



Sea-weeds, &c 92 



The horizon 93 



The cliffs 93 



The waters, their divisions . . 93 

 The sea, always the same level . 94 



waters poured into it . .94 

 Rain, how produced . . . .95 

 Rivers and streams . . . .96 



causes of their overflowing . 97 



Lakes 97 



Chalk downs, &c., once a sea bottom 98 

 Sea, its encroachments . . .98 



Sea, waves of 99 



Sargasso 101 



Gulf stream 101 



Sand, formation of . . . .102 



none in deep seas . . .102 



Diatomaceee ..... 103 



Foraminiferae 104 



Salt, the source of . . . .104 

 Sea-water, composition of . . 105 



Tides 105 



Waters, beneficially arranged . 107 

 Steam navigation .... 103 

 Introduction to organic kingdoms 110 



THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 



Quantity, distribution, &c. . 

 Forests of Russia and America 



112 

 113 



Sargasso sea, sea-weed . . .114 

 Diatomaceae 114 



