166 THE LEAVES. 



sharp teeth which point forwards towards the apex (Fig. 196) ; 

 dentate, or toothed, when the sharp salient teeth are not directed 

 towards the apex of the leaf (Fig. 200) ; and crenate, when the 

 teeth are rounded (Fig. 203, 204). A slightly waved or sinuous 

 margin is said to be repand ; a strongly uneven margin, with alter- 

 nate rounded concavities and convexities, is termed sinuate (as in 

 the Oak). When the leaf is irregularly and sharply cut deep into 

 the lamina, it is said to be incised ; when the portions, or segments, 

 are more definite, it is said to be lobed ; and the terms two-lobed, 

 three-lobed, Jive-lobed, &c., express the number of the segments. 

 If the incisions extend about to the middle of the blade, or some- 

 what deeper, the leaf is said to be cleft ; and the terms two-cleft, 

 three-deft, &c. (or in the Latin form, bifid, trifid, &c.), designate 

 the number of the segments : or when the latter are numerous or 

 indefinite, the leaf is termed many-cleft, or multifid. If the seg- 

 ments extend nearly, but not quite, to the base of the blade or the 

 midrib, the leaf is said to be parted (Fig. 209) : if they reach the 

 midrib or the base, so as to interrupt the parenchyma, the leaf is 

 said to be divided ; the number of partitions or divisions being 

 designated, as before, by the terms two-, three-, Jive-parted, or 

 two-, three-, Jive-divided, &c. 



283. As the mode of division always coincides with the arrange- 

 ment of the primary veins, the lobes or incisions of feather-veined, 

 are differently arranged from those of radiated or palmately veined 

 leaves : in the latter, the principal incisions are all directed to the 

 base of the leaf; in the former, towards the midrib. These modi- 

 fications are accurately described by terms indicative of the vena- 

 tion, combined with those that^ express the degree of division. 

 Thus, a feather-veined (in the Latin form, a pinnately veined] leaf 

 is said to be pinnately cleft or pinnatifid, when the sinuses reach 

 halfway to the midrib ; pinnately parted, when they extend al- 

 most to the midrib ; and pinnately divided, when they reach the 

 midrib, dividing the parenchyma into separate portions. A few 

 subordinate modifications are indicated by special terms: thus, 'a 

 pinnatifid or pinnately parted leaf, with regular, very close and 

 narrow divisions, like the teeth of a comb, is said to be pectinate ; 

 a feather-veined leaf, more or less pinnatifid, but with the lobes 

 decreasing in size towards the base, is termed lyrate, or lyre- 

 shaped (Fig. 212); and a lyrate leaf with sharp lobes pointing 

 towards the base, as in the Dandelion (Fig. 213), is called runci- 



