312 THE FLOWER. 



away of the funiculus from the seed is teamed) to the chalaza, 

 maintaining the communication between the interior of the ovule 

 or seed and the placenta. The raphe is only found in the anatro- 

 pous ovule, and serves to distinguish it ; since in all others the 

 hilum or scar exactly corresponds to the chalaza, while in this 

 the two occupy opposite extremities of the seed ; the chalaza, 

 which is the real base, being by this inversion situated at the ap- 

 parent apex, while the micropyle, or organic apex, is found next 

 the hilum, or the apparent base. This is perfectly simple on the 

 supposition that an anatropous ovule is produced by the mere 

 adhesion of the funicutus to the whole length of one side of what 

 would otherwise be an orthotropous ovule.* 



568. What are called amphitropous or heterotropous ovules, 

 which are straight, with the chalaza at one end, the micropyle or 

 apex at the other, and the hilum half way between the two (as in 

 Fig. 412), arise from the adhesion of the funiculus for a short dis- 

 tance only, forming a raphe of only half the length of the ovule. 

 As the free funiculus in such cases generally diverges at right an- 

 gles from the axis of the ovule, so that its proper base and apex 

 become lateral, these ovules or seeds are sometimes termed peltate, 

 or transverse. 



569. Campylotropous ovules (Fig. 415) differ from the ortho- 

 tropous in being curved during their development, so that the ori- 

 fice or apex is brought into juxtaposition with the base ; which in 

 this case is both hilum and chalaza. 



570. It is important to notice the situation of the orifice, or fora- 

 men, of the ovule, as it indicates the future position of the radicle 

 of the embryo (631), which is invariably directed towards the fo- 

 ramen. Its situation with respect to the hilum varies in the differ- 

 ent kinds of seeds : in those which arise from orthotropous ovules, 

 it points in the direction exactly opposite the hilum (Fig. 453) ; in 

 the anatropous form, it is brought close to the hilum, so that it is 

 ordinarily said to point to it (Fig. 454-456) ; in campylotropous 

 seeds, it is also brought round to the hilum ; while in the amphitro- 

 pous, it points in a direction nearly at a right angle with the hilum. 



* Thus, in most Cistacese, the ovules are orthotropous, but in one small ge- 

 nus (Fumana) the funiculus usually adheres to the side of the ovule, and 

 renders it anatropous. On the contrary, sometimes anatropous ovules become 

 orthotropous in the seed, by the separation of the raphe from its face. 



