CONTENTS ix 



CHAPTER PAGE 



XIV. THALLOPHYTES (continued) . 336 



Myxomycetes and Bacteria (Thallophytes lacking food- 

 making pigments) 336 



Myxomycetes (Slime Molds) 336 



Bacteria 341 



XV. THALLOPHYTES (concluded) 351 



Fungi (Thallophytes lacking food-making pigments) .... 351 



Phycomycetes (Alga-like Fungi) 353 



Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi) and Lichens 363 



Basidiomycetes 382 



Fungi Imperfecti (Imperfect Fungi) 404 



XVI. BRYOPHYTES (Moss PLANTS) 405 



Liverworts and Mosses 405 



Liverworts 406 



Mosses 417 



XVII. PTERIDOPHYTES (FERN PLANTS) 425 



Filicales 426 



Equisetales (Horsetails) 435 



Lycopodiales (Club Mosses) 438 



XVIII. Spermatophytes (Seed Plants) 445 



Gymnosperms (Seeds not enclosed) 445 



Cycads (Cycadales) 446 



Pines (Pinaceae) 451 



XIX. Spermatophytes (continued) 459 



Angiosperms (seeds enclosed) 459 



XX. CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERMS AND SOME OF THEIR FAMI- 

 LIES OF MOST ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 471 



Dicotyledons (Apetalae) 473 



Dicotyledons (Polypetalae) 481 



Dicotyledons (Sympetalae) 489 



Monocotyledons 495 



XXI. Ecological classification of plants 500 



Nature of Ecology 500 



Ecological factors 501 



Ecological societies 504 



Plant succession 510 



XXII. EVOLUTION 513 



Meaning and Theories of Evolution 513 



Experimental Evolution 524 



XXIII. Heredity 535 



General features of Heredity 535 



Experimental study of Heredity 537 



