DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS. 



871 



ruminant animals, both wild and tame. In the Transvaal and on the Orange River 

 the spring-boks sometimes tread upon them unawares, and when that happens the 

 sharp claws grasp the hoof and the animal is driven to frenzy by the pain and 

 gallops madly away, but is unable to set itself free from the instrument of torture. 

 It is often several days before the capsule breaks up and falls off. The fruits, which 



!■" g. 477.— Fruits fm-Dished with hoolis. 



' Galium Aparine. 2 Hooked bristles of the fruit of the same, s Hedysarum Canadense. * A piece of the lomentum of tlie 

 s:mie. ^ Hooked bristles of Hedysarum Canadense. 6 Cynoglossum pictum. ? Hooked prickles on the fruits of the same. 

 8 Ciraea Lutetiana. » Hooked bristles on the fruit of the same. "> Torilis Anthriscus. n Single fruit of Toriiis Anthrixcus. 

 12 Curved prickles on this fruit. 13 Lappago racemvsa. i* Single fruiting spike of the same. 16 Setaria verticillata. 

 16 Fruit^bearing branchlet with involucral bristles from a spike of Setaria verticillata. 17 Bidens hipinnata. 18 Single 

 fruit of the same. '» Fruit of Caccinia stri{josa. 20 Hooked prickles on the fruit of Caccinia striijosa. -, *, ^, ', 9, n. ^-, 

 ", ", 18 and "■" magnified. 



are armed with hooked bristles or prickles, are so numerous that even a superficial 

 account of them cannot be undertaken here, and we must content ourselves with 

 mentioning a few of the most remarkable forms. Amongst these are the capsular 

 fruits of Krameria Ixina and Triumfetta Plwmieri (see figs. 478^" and 478"), the 

 sheathed achenes of several species of Calligonum and Rumex, e.g. Rumex nepalensis 

 (fig. 478^), the pods of many Papilionaceae (e.g. Medicago agrestis and M. radiata, 

 Onobrychis cequidentata and Hedysarum Canadense; see figs. 478'^ and 478", and 



