914 



GLOSSARY. 



Collective fruit, a fruit in which the product3 of a 

 number of separate flowers become so crowded to- 

 gether as to appear as though they had arisen from 

 a single flower, as the Pine-apple. Cf. Aggregate 

 fruit. 



CoUenchyma, a li\'ing tissue, consisting of prism- 

 shaped cells whose .angles are much thickened. It 

 is a form of mechanical tissue. 



Colony. See vol. i. p. 585. 



Columella, in Muscineae, the sterile tissue in the 

 centre of the sporogonium around which the spore- 

 layer is formed. 



Column, the body formed as a result of fusion of 

 stamens with style, as in Orchid flowers. 



Conceptacle, the inclosing ca^•ity in wliich the sexual 

 organs are produced in the Fucaceie. 



Cone, the aggregate of crowded scales which bear 

 o\'ules or pollen-sacs in the Gyninosperms ; applied 

 also to the sporangif erous branches in many Vascular 

 Cryptogams. 



Conidium, in Fungi, a propagative asexual body. 



Conifer, a plant producing cones; one of the Coniferae. 



Conjugation, the union of two gametes (or sexual 

 cells J, the resulting organism being called a 2ygote. 



Conjugation-canal, the bridge which is formed 

 between conjugating cells of Spirogyra, &c., and by 

 which impregnation is effected. 



Connate, united congenitally. 



Conopodium, a conical receptacle {used of flowers). 



Contorted aestivation, used when the corolla appears 

 spirally twisted, the pet.als being so arranged that 

 one margin is external to a neighbouring petal 

 whilst the other is internal to the petal on the other 

 side. 



Contractile cells, in the anther, form a layer in its 

 wall ; their membranes are pecuharly thickened, and 

 by their hygroscopic contractions the anther opens. 



Convolute, apphed to a leaf which is roUed up longi- 

 tudinally in the bud. 



Cordate, heart-shaped, as a leaf. 



Corm, a bulb-like fleshy stem or base of a stem; a 

 " solid bulb ", as in Crocus, Colchicum, &c. 



Cormus. See foot-note, vol. i. p. 665. 



Corolla, the inner whorl of the perianth, composed of 

 petals. 



Corona, in X.arcissus, &c., a series of ligiilar struc- 

 tures on petals, which may be either free or imited 

 together. It gives the appearance of an additional 

 floral whori. 

 Corpuscle, a little mass of protoplasm which though 

 imbedded in the general protoplasm of the cell is 

 nijvertheless an independent body, e.g. chlorophyll- 

 corpuscle. 



Corpusculum (of Asclepiad poUinium), the little body 

 connecting the pollen-masses and by means of which 

 they become attached to insects. 



Cortex, the portion of a stem or root external to the 

 vascular tissues. 



Corymbus, or Corymb, a flat-topped inflorescence 

 belonging to the centripetal or indefinite series. 



Cosmic dust, the minutely divided inorg.anic particles 

 suspended in the higher strata of the atmosphere ; 

 not neces.sarily of extra-terrestrial origin. 



Cosmopolitan plants are such as r.inge almost over 

 the entire globe ; in contrast to plants that flourish 

 only in a certain locality (endemic plants). 



Cotyledons, seed-leaves ; the first leaf or leaves of 

 an embryo. 



Craspedromous, vised of the lateral veins of a leaf 



which run undivided from midrib to margin. 

 Crateriform, goblet- or cup-shaped. 



Crenate. said of a toothed leaf-margin, the teeth being 

 rounded ; scalloped. 



Cross-fertilization, the fertilization of an egg-cell 

 by a male cell borne on another individual ; fertili- 

 zation of the o\-ules of one flower by the poUen from 

 another individual. Occasionally used in error in 

 the text for cross-poUination (which see). Many 

 authors xise the term as synonymous with cross- 

 pollination, but the practice is not good. 



Cross-pollination, the deposition on a stigma of 

 pollen which has been brought from another flower. 

 Cross-poUination, though probably leading to cross- 

 fertilization, is not synonymous with this term. 



Cruciferous, "cross-bearing", ha\-ing cross-shaped 

 flowers: used of the characteristically flowered family 

 Cruciferae. 



Cryptogamia, includes aU plants exclusive of Flower- 

 ing Plants : opposed to Phanerogamia. An old 

 term, persisting from times when the reproductive 

 processes of these plants were less well-kno%\Ti than 

 to-day. 



Crystalloid, a crystal-like mass of proteid; a common 

 form under which proteids are stored. 



Culmus, or Culm, the jointed and usually hollow 

 stem of Gr.TSses and similar plants. 



Cupule, the bract-Uke cup which incloses the nut or 

 nuts in many Amentiferae ; it is the husk of the 

 hazel-nut, the cup of the acorn, the prickly envelope 

 of the Spanish chestnut, &c. 



Cut, a term appUed to the lobing of leaf-blades; 

 incised ; cleft. 



Cuticle, a continuous film on the surface of a plant, 

 formed of the cutinized outer surfaces of the epider- 

 mal cells. 



Cyma, or Cyme, a definite or centrifug.al inflores- 

 cence: the laterals grow more strongly than the 

 primary axis and overtop it. 



Cyma composita, or compound cyme; a definite or 

 centrifug.al inflorescence, in which the ultimate parts 

 (cyTues) are also arranged in a cymose manner. 



Cystolith, a concretion of carbonate of lime, gener- 

 ally deposited on a little tongue or peg of cellulose 

 projecting into the cells of certain plants. 



Cytoplasm, the jirotoplasmic body of a cell as op- 

 posed to the nucleus. 



\ /Daughter-cells, cells which arise by the di\Tsion 

 of any cell. 



Deciduous, non-permanent: used of parts of a flower 

 (petals, &c.) which fall after flowering, and of 

 leaves which fall in autumn, &c 



Decurrent, used of leaf-blades which have their bases 

 extending downward along the stem. 



Decussate, apphed to leaves wliich are arranged 

 in pairs alternately crossing each other at regular 

 angles. 



Definitive nucleus, the nucleus which is formed in 

 the embryo-sac by the fusion of two, one from each 

 end ; the endosperm originates from it after fertili- 

 zation h.Ts taken pLice. 



Dehiscence, the act or mode of opening of a fruit, 

 anther, spore-capsule, &c. &c. 



Dendritic, tree-like ; repeatedly branched. 



Denizen, an inhabitant, a plant belonging to a cer- 

 tain district. Strictly (but not so used in K. and 



