948 



INDEX. 



Featuca vaginata, i. PL VX 



Festucas. poisonous, L 341. 



Fibres, fleshy, of seedling Orobanche. i. 1S5. 



Fibrils, nuclear, i, 581. 



Fibrin, I 458. 



Fibrous bark, L 720. 



— layer, of anther, ii. 96. 

 Ficacese, ii. 758. 

 Ficoidales, ii. 7S7. 

 Ficus, L 193. 



— buds on aerial roots, iL 28. 



— clasping roots, i. 702, 705. 



— clinging roots, i. 754. 



— flowers, ii. 159. 



— formerly considered parasitic, i. 159. 



— from chalk, ii. 613. 



— gall-flowers, ii. 160. 



— Indian species, climbing peculiarities, L 



709. 



— inflorescence, receptacle and fruit-forma- 



tion, ii 435. 



— insects and pollen, ii 244. 



— latex, i. 470. 



— lattice-forming climbing roots, i 711. 



— number of species, ii 162. 



— pistil, ii. IGO. 



— pollen-grains, ii 97, 102. 



— protective stipules, i. 626. 



— relation to insects, ii. 159, 162. 



— roots form living bridges, ii 75S, 760. 



— synconium, ii. 159. 



Ficus Benjamina, incrosting climbing roots, 



i707. 

 Ficus carica and Blastophaga grossonun, ii. 

 161, MO. 



gall-flowers, ii. 157. 



inflorescences, ii. 157. 



Ficus elastica, i. 755. 



inflorescence, ii. 160. 



roots, i 756. 



Ficus Indica, stem and roots, i. 755. 

 Ficus nitida, roots, L 757. 

 Ficus pumila, flowers, ii 157. 

 Ficus religiosa, roots, i. 757. 

 Ficus scandens, leaf-mosaic, i 420. 



unsymmetricai unequal leaves, i. 422. 



Ficus stipulata, climbing roots, i 702. 



foliage, i 708. 



Field-mice and plants, i. 763. 



Field Pansy. See Viola arvtnsia. 



Kg. See Ficus, 



Figwort. See Scrophularia. 



Filago, hairiness, i. 317. 



Filago miita and other hybrids, ii 5S5. 



Filament of ovule, i 644. 



— of stamen, i 642; ii. 86, 88. 

 Filamentous cell-comples, i. 586. 

 Filaments,protoplasauc in Lathnea capitate- 

 cells, i 136. 



prey capturing, i. 135. 



Filamentum, i 642. 



Filices. See Ferns. 



Filmy Ferns. See Hymenophyllacecs. 



Filtration of food-sap, from cell to cell, i, 270. 



" Fingers and Toes ", cause of, ii 522. 



Fir-tree, wood perforated by sinkers of 



ilistletoe, i. 209. 

 Fir-trees, curvature of branches, i 416. 

 Firs. See Abies and Picea. 

 Firs and Birches, struggle for existence, ii 



514. 



— vertical range, i 527. 

 Fission-fuDgi. See Sckizomycetes. 

 Fissured bark, i 720. 



Fistular leaf, i. 428. 



Flagella of Chlamydomonas, ii. 629. 



— of Dinoflagellata, ii 625. 

 Flagellaria Indica, tendrils, i 692. 

 Flamingo Plant. See Antkurium Sc?ur- 



ztrianunu 



Fleabane. See Inula. 



Flecking, white, of leaves, cause of appear- 

 ance, i. 235. 



Flies and Empusa Musc^ i. 16$: ii 672. 



— - and finely-marked petals, ii. 131. 



— and indoloid scents, ii. 207. 



— and scroU-gaUs. ii. 530. 



Flinty armoiir, i 323. 



Floatation of fruits, ii. 847. 



Floating contrivances, i. 633. 



Flora, application of term by Linnaeus, i. 6. 



— Arctic general absence of haiis, i. 316. 



— of north coast of Africa, spinose, i, 434. 



— of Spain, spinose, i 434. 



— scope of term, ii 1. 



— why rich in rock-cracks, i 109. 



Flora der Provinz Brandenburg, Ascheraon's 



& Braun's system, ii 605. 

 Floral Biology, treatise by Loew. ii 399. 

 Floral clock, Linnseua's, ii. 215. 

 Floral leaves, i. 597. 



and fimgal parasites, ii. 524. 



arrangement, ii. 73. 



division of labour, i &i5. 



nature and succession, i. 640, 



nectaries, ii 176. 



Floral receptacle, meaning, i. 736, 746. 



— stem, adaptation to function, i. 749 



nature and parts, i. 736. 



Floras, u. 835. 



— migration of range, ii. 592. 



— of Lapland, Sweden, England, Piedmont, 



Camiola, Austria, &c. ISth century, i 8. 



— the chief, enumerated, ii. 898. 



Florets, of Compositae, protection of poUen, 



iiU6. 

 Floridew. i 161. 169. 246; u. 606, 620. 



— absence of wood and stomata, i 284. 



— alternation of generations, ii. 48L 



— as epiphytes, i 77. 



— behaviour in distilled water, i 78. 



— favourite habitat, i 105. 



— fertilization and fruit-formation, i 53, 61. 



— fossil remains, ii 614. 



— fruit, ii 7. . 



— habits, i 587. 



— luminosity, i 383. 



— pigment, i 338. 



— range, i. 390. 



— seasonal development, i 563. 



— '* sporangia" and spore-formation, ii 22. 



— structure, i. 590. 



— tetraspores, ii. 24. 

 Flower, actinomorphic, ii. 229. 



— application of term, i 640. 



— double, ii. SO. 



— duties of, ii. 717. 



— female, of Cupressus, ii 443. 



of Juniperus. ii. 442. 



of Pinus Pumilio. ii. 722. 



— largest in world, i. 202. 



— laterai i 641. 



— of Rafflesia Padma, i 203. 



— of Scybalium fungiforme, i 189. 



— protandrous, ii. 307. 



— protogynous, ii 307. 



— size and autogamy, ii 396. 



— temperature variation, i 502. 



— terminal, i. 641. 



— zygomorphic, ii. 229. 

 Flower-buds, respiratory heat, i. 493. 

 " Flower-dust ", ii 35. 



" Flower fidelity " of insects, ii. 206. 

 Flower-opening, thermal constants, i. 559. 

 Flower-production and climatic conditions, 



ii. 474. 

 Flower-stalk, in fruit formation, ii. 435. 



origin. Sc. i 736. 



tendrils, i 693. 



Flowering and elevation, i 526. 



— and sunshine, ii. 474. 



— premature, caused by parasitic fungi ii. 



525. 



— table of dates, i 519. 



Flowering Ash. See Fraxiniu Omtu. 

 Flowering axes, protective waxy coatings, ii. 



237. 

 Flowering Fern. See Osmunda rtgaliji. 

 "Flowering Fungi", applied to Phalloidete, 



u. 691. 

 Flowering-rush. See Butomus. 

 Flowers, alpine, colour of, ii 198. 



— and animal visits, ii. 153. 



— and insects, i 743. 



Flowers as insect shelters, ii. 1€3. 



— behaviom: of perianth-leaves after fertili- 



zation, ii. 222. 



— cause of opening, ii 219. 



— change of colour, i. 376. 



— classification according to sex, ii. 295. 



— cleistogamic, ii 391, 392. 



— closing, ii 215. 



— colour, ii 182. 



— colour-contrasts, ii. 1S4. 189. 



— cross-fertilization, ii. 300. 



— double, and vegetative propagation, ii. 459. 

 long fresh, ii 287. 



— duration, ii. 214. 



— ephemeral, ii. 212. 



— gradations from hermaphrodite to uni- 



sexual, ii 295. 



— heterostyled, ii. 302. 



— honey secreting, ii. 171. 



— imprisonment of insects, ii 164. 



— incompletely dichogamons. ii. 309- 



— metamorphoses through gall-mites, ii. 543. 



— mutual accommodation, i 743. 



— of Mosses, ii 702. 



— of Orobanche, i. 183. 



— opening and closing, ii 116. 212. 215. 



— pendent, and insect visits, ii 222. 



— periodic bending, i 531. 



movements and protection of poUen, ii. 



120. 



— preservation tlirou^ dryness, i. 262. 



— protection against snails and slugs, ii 



233. 



by sticky glands, ii. 236. 



from loss of heat, i 529. 



— seasonal colour-curves, ii 197. 



— size, ii 135. 



and temperature, ii. 503. 



— structural correlation to insects, ii 152. 



— temperature within, i. 500. 

 Flowers of Tan. See Fuiigo varians. 

 "Flowers of the Sea", gas-vacuoles, i 389; 



u. 621, 622. 

 Fluorescence, of chlorophyll solution, i. 372. 



— of erythrx>phyll, i. 383. 

 Fluorescing pigments, of plants, i 379. 

 Fluorine, in plants, i 63. 

 Fluviales, general characters, ii 738. 

 Fly-agaric. See Agaricus muscarius. 

 Fly-catcher. See Drosophyllum lusitanicum. 

 Fly-trap. See Dionaa. 



Foeniculum, foliage, i. 413. 



— geitonc^amy, ii. 325. 



Foeniculum aromaticum. schizocarj), it. 427. 



Fohn-wind, velocity, i. 525. 



Folding, of grass-leaves, i. 341, 342. 343. 345. 



— of Moss-leaves, i. 346. 

 Folia connata, i. 596. 



— decnrrentia, i 596. 



— perfoliata. i. 596. 



— sessilia, i. 595. 

 Foliaceous carpels, ii. 83. 



— Lichens, i 245 ; ii. 691. 

 Foliage, sticky, ii. 236. 



— variety, cause of, i 396. 



— wrinkled and grooved, i. 326. 



— young, and frost, i 545. 



sensitiveness, i 539. 



Foliage-leaf, variety of functions, i 627. 

 Foliage-leaves, i 597. 



position in relation to absorbent roots, 



i92. 



position relatively to horizon, i. 92. 



transitions from water-catching to 



animai-catoiiing. i. 157. 

 Foliage-production, thermal constants, i. 



559. 

 Foliage-stem, i 650. 655. 660, 710. 

 Foliar structures, ideas of origin, i &. 

 Folium=leaf=leaf-blade. i 596. 

 Folium fulcrans, i. 641. 

 Follicle, natxire of. ii. 430. 

 Fontanesia. reserve-buds, ii. 33. 

 Fontanesia jasminoides, freezing, i. 546. 

 Fontinalis, aquatic Moss. ii. 701. 

 Food, conduction of, i. 269. 



— selective absorption by Fungi i- 166, 167. 



