976 



INDEX. 



Sorbus ancuparia, bud-scales, i. 6^6. 



Gymiiosporangium yall, ii. 520. 



Soredia, of Lichens, ii. 24, 693, 816. 

 Son, of Ferns, ii. 11. 

 Sorus, nature of, ii. 10. 

 Sow-thistle. See Mul'jtdium. 

 Spaces, intercellular, i. 27. 63. 

 Spadiciflora?, floral characters, ii. 740. 

 Spadis, of Arum maculatum, ii. 742. 

 Spangle-galls ou Oak-leaves, ii. 537, 541. 

 Spanish flora, geueral grayness of, i. 317. 

 Sparganacese, ii. 745. 

 Sparganium, monoecious, ii. 297. 



— pollination, ii. 136. 



— protogj-nous, ii. 312. 



Sparmaunia Africana, protection of pollen, 



ii. 119. 

 Spartium, insect reception, ii. 228. 



— protective coat of wax, i. 292. 



— stomata, i. 331. 



Spartium junceum, sceut, ii. 201. 

 Spartium scoparium and Xylocopa violacea, 

 ii. 267. 



flower and explosive distribution of 



pollen, ii. 266. 



green tissue, relative position, i. 471. 



infloresceuce, ii. 267. 



reserve-buds, ii. 31. 



Spathe, application of term, i. 641. 

 Spathegaster baccarum, gall ou male catkins 



of Oak, ii. 526. 

 Spathegaster tricolor, galls on the leaves of 



Turkey Oak, ii. 537. 

 Spathularia flavida, fairy rings, ii. 791. 

 Spawn, of Mushroom, a mycelium, i. 100. 

 Species, essential feature, ii. 581. 



— extinction by Humble-bees, ii. 239. 



— extinction of. ii. 899. 



— fertilization and origin of, i. 594, 



— of flowering plants, number, ii, 604. 



— origin of, ii. 486. 



Specific constancy in offshoots, ii. 494. 



— constitution, of plants, i. 567. 

 Spectrum, absorption, of chlorophyll, i. 372. 

 Specularia, colour of flowers, ii. 183. 



— opening and closing, ii. 116. ■ 

 Specularia speculum, protection of pollen, 



ii. 128. 

 Spergula arvensis. autogamy, ii. 338. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Spermatogenesis, in Ferns, ii. 67. 

 Spermatoplasm, influence on ovary, ii, 551. 



— manifold differentiation, ii. 43. 



— nature of, ii. 46. 

 Spermatozoid, nature of, ii. 43. 



— of Chara fragilis, ii. 660. 



— of Chlorophyceie, ii. 628. 



— of Coleochjete, ii. 653. 



— of Dudreanaya, ii. 53. 



— of Fern, escape, ii. 708. 



— of Fucus vesiculosus, ii. 664. 



— of Selaginella, ii. 715. 



— of Volvoi aureus, ii. 635. 

 Sphacelariaceie, structure, &c., ii. 661. 

 Spha^rella Butschlii, eye-spot, ii. 631. 

 Sphairella nivalis, discovery of, i. 38. 

 hajmatochrome, ii. 631. 



killing degree of cold, i. 542. 



Sphierella pluvialis, description, ii. 630. 



■ habitat and food. i. 108. 



sociability of swarm-spores, i. 584. 



swarm-cells and light, i. 3S3. 



Sphajrobolus, spore-dispefsal, ii. 825. 

 Sphairoplea, life-history, ii. 652. 

 Sph^rotheca Castagnei, fruits, ii. 60. 



on Humulus, ii. 677. 



Sphffirotilus thermalis, and heat, i. 554. 

 Sphagnaceie, apiicarance, i. 219. 



— description, ii. 699. 



— leaves, minute structure i. 219. 



water-absorption, i. 219. 



Sphagnum cymbifolium, eporogonium, ii. 



15. 

 Sphere crystala. i. 457. 

 Spiders, elevation and coloration, ii. 511. 

 Spiderwort. See Tradcscantia. 

 Spindle, uuclear, i. 681. 



Spines, arrangement in Cactiform plants, L 

 446. 



— as " path-finders ", ii. 238. 



— proof of protective nature, i. 436. 



— transformed shoot.'i, i. 443. 



— used as needles, i. 434. 

 Spinea, weaving stem. i. 672. 



Spirxa Aruncus. distribution of sexes, ii. 300. 



separation-layers, i. 360. 



Spinea chamsedrifulia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spiraja crenata, reserve-buds, ii. 33. 

 Spirrea Filipendula, roots, i. 760. 

 Spipcea ulmifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spiral, genetic, i. 398, 403. 



— phyllotaxis, plans, i. 400. 

 Spiranthes, cohering pollen-grains, ii. 97. 

 Spirocbiete choleras asiaticte, ii. 624. 

 Spirogyra, chlorophyll bodies, cf. PI. I., i. 373. 



— formation of zygote, ii. 657. 



— occurrence, ii. 654. 

 Spirogyra-filament, structure, ii 656. 

 Spirogyraceie, ii. 654. 

 Spirophyton, ii. 610. 

 Splachnacece, true saprophytes, i. 103. 

 Splachnum, apophysis, ii. 702. 



— saprophytic, ii. 704. 



Splachnum ampullaceum, capsule, ii. 703. 



saprophytic on dung of cattle, i. 103. 



Splachnum luteum, capsule, ii. 703. 

 Sponge, sjTnbiosis with Chlorophyce;e, ii. 627. 

 Spongy parenchyma, functions, L 473. 



chlorophyll-granules, i. 374. 



movements of chlorophyll-grauules, i. 



3S1. 

 Spongy tissue, of leaves, chief function, i. 



279. 

 Sporangiole, of Chaetocladium, il 673. 



— of Thamnidium, ii. 673. 

 Sporangium, nature of, ii. 10. 



— of Ferns, ii. 476. 



— of Marattiacea), ii. 709. 



— of Mucor, ii. 673. 



— of Myxomycetes. mode of origin, ii. 619. 



— of Ophioglossaceaf, ii. 709. 



— of Polypodiacete, ii. 706. 



— of Psilotum, ii. 715. 



— of Schizaeacese, ii. 709. 



— of Tmesipteris, ii. 715. 



— protection from moisture. &c., ii. 13. 

 Spore, of Equisetum arvense, ii. 712. 



— of Lycopodium, ii, 716. 



— places of origin, ii. 10. 



— unicellular brood-body, ii. 6. 

 Spore-capsule, of Polytrichum, ii. 700. 

 Spore-capsules, of Mosses, ii. 703. 

 Spore-formation, by abstriction, ii. 20. 

 Spores, classification according to mode of 



origin, ii. 10. 



— dispersed by wind, ii. 812. 



— of Fern, dispersal. &c., ii. 476. 



— of Lichens, dis.se minati on, i. 246. 



— of Moss, dispersal, ii. 479. 



— of Moulds, heat resistance, i. 554. 

 Sporocarps, of Marsilia quadrifoUa, ii. 710. 



— of Salvinia natans, ii. 710. 

 Sporodinia grandis. conjugation and fruit- 

 formation, ii. 53. 



Sporogonium, of Bryacea^. ii. 702. 



— of Muscineffi, ii. 15. 477. 

 Sporophyte, of Hepatica;, ii. 696. 



— of Lycopodiales, ii. 704. 



— of Phaneroganiia, ii. 717. 



— of Pteridophyta, characteristics, ii. 704. 



— young, of Fern, ii. 708. 



Spring flowers, probable reason for blue 



colour, ii. 194. 

 Sprinkling apparatus for pollen transfer, ii. 



273. 275. 

 "Sprouting" of Rye, &c., ii. 454. 

 Spruce-fir Aphis. See Chcrmes abietis. 

 Spumaria alba, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Spur, of Orcliids, and honey, ii. 176. 

 Spurge. See Euphorbia, 

 Simrge- family. See Euphorbiacfcc. 

 Spurge-laurel. See Daphne Laureola. 

 Splurges, of Me<literrancan, waxy bloom of 



leaves, i. 312. 



Squirrels, disperse fruits, ii. 866. 



Squirting Cucumber, ii. 834. 



Stachys, hybrids, ii. 535. 



Stalk, of ovule, i. &R 



Stamen, morphological value of parts, ii. 88. 



— parts of, i. 642. 

 Stamens, ii. 87. 



— arrangemeut, i. 641 ; ii. 85. 



— as insect i>Iatform, ii. 225. 



— constancy in number, ii. 86. 



— division of labour, i. 645. 



— metamori>husis, i. 646. 



— of monstrous flowers, ii. 86. 



Staminal filaments, turgidity in Grasses, ii. 



140. 

 Staminiferous buds, of Vallisneria, ii. 105. 

 Staminode, application of term, i. 617. 

 Standard, of papUionaceous tio%ver, ii. 228. 

 Stanhopea, duration of flowers, ii. 214. 



— edible fleshy growths, ii. 170. 

 Stanhopea Devoniensis, PI. XIIL 

 Stanhopea tigrina, opening of flowers, ii. 212. 

 Stapelia, colour and odour, ii. 197. 



Star Anise. See UUcium anifatum. 

 Starch, conducting tissues for, i. 480. 



— decomposition by diastase, i. 465. 



— formed by protoplasts, i. 61. 



— percentage composition, i. 454. 



— storing, i. 358. 



Starch-grains, of plant hybrids, U. 566. 



various forms, i. 459. 



Starch-granules, in endosperm, ii. 421. 

 Starch-stars, of Chara stelligera, ii. 661. 

 Star of Bethlehem. See OniUkogalum. 

 Statice, anthocyanin, i, 484. 



— pollen-grain, ii. 100. 



— salt on leaves and stems, i. 236. 

 Staurospermum, conjugation, ii. 658. 

 Stearin, in cuticle, i. 309. 

 Steliaria, massing of flowers, ii. 186. 

 Stellaria bulbosa, geographical restriction, ii. 



462. 



vegetative propagation, ii. 463. 



Stellaria graminea, protection of pollen, ii. 120. 

 Stellaria Holostea, autogamy, ii. 355. 

 Stellaria media, abortive anthers, ii. 294. 



autogamy, ii. 338. 



hairs on stem and petioles, i. 227. 



movements of cotyledons, i. 532. 



Stellatse, source of name, i. 637. 

 Stellate hairs, classificatorj' value, ii. 564. 

 Stellera passerina, effect of mutilation, ii. 517. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Stem, classification, i. 650. 



— creeping, i. 652, 662. 



— floating, characteristics, i. 665. 



— foliage bearing, i. 655. 



— geometrical arrangement of cells and 



leaves, i. 405. 



— grooving of, for water conduction, L 95. 



— lattice-form, i. 678. 



— mode of climbing, i. 671, 686. 



— morphological considerations, i. 648. 



— nodes and intemodes, i. 3%. 



— procumbent, mechanical tissue, i. 735. 



— prostrate, i, 662. 



— scaly, i. 651. 



— subterranean, mechanical tissue, i. 735. 



— tendril-bearing, i. 689. 



— transverse and longitudinal sect. i. 469. 



— weaving, nature of, i. 671. 



— woody, i. 657. 



Stemonitis fusca, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Stephanosphrera, structure, ii. 631. 

 Steppe-antelope, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-fauua, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-flora, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



previovisly in Central Euroi>e. ii. 903. 



Steppe- insects, probable eastward retreat, ii. 



462. 

 Steppe-plants, &.C., coloured stameu-fila- 

 ments in. ii. 183. 



covered by glandular viscid hairs, i. 230. 



reserve-buds, ii. 33. 



seed protection, ii. 450. 



sticky foliage in, ii. 236. 



Steppe- porcupine, eastward Ktreat, ii. 462. 



