LABOEATOEY AND FIELD 

 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



INTRODUCTION 



It is intended that these laboratory outlines shall be found 

 adaptable to several methods of approach in framing a general 

 course in elementary botany. 



First. By beginning with Part I the student may consider first 

 the more general features of the morphology of the seed plant 

 and the most important of its physiological activities. This 

 may then be followed by studies of a series of spore plants 

 (Part II), to outline the chief steps in plant evolution. Such work 

 as is possible in plant ecology (Part III) is thus deferred to the 

 end of the course. 



Second. By commencing with Part II the student will be 

 introduced at once to the principles of cell structure, growth, and 

 reproduction, and can then trace the evolution of the plant king- 

 dom. By this arrangement selections from Part I will follow the 

 studies of Part II, and Part III will receive attention last. 



Third. Part I may be followed at once by Part III, and the 

 studies of Part II be used only to illustrate such types and topics 

 concerned with spore plants as may seem desirable. 



Fourth. It is by no means necessary that the matter of Part I 

 be taken up in the order given. Instead of beginning with the 

 plant as a whole or with the seed, a course may be readily shaped 

 so as to commence with the fruit or with the leaf. 



The planning of a course depends upon so many factors, such as 

 season, material, equipment, maturity of students, and the time 



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