112 TYPE STUDIES 



1. The spore-bearing stalks (conidiophores), with a portion of the 

 mycelium. Note the cross walls and the arrangement of the conidia 

 and their formation. Draw in detail. 



2. Diagram and compare the fructifications of Penicillium and of 

 Aspergillus. 



B. Some species of Asj)ergillus not infrequently develop ascocarps (for- 

 merly included in the genus Eurotium). Study their structure in com- 

 parison with the sac fruit of the lilac mildew. 



113. Peziza, Lachnea, or other cup fungi. 



A. Study the general form of the cups, which are sac fruits or ascocarps, 

 and their relation to the substratum. Where is the vegetative mycelium 

 of the fungus ? Tap the cup of large forms, if living, and note the dis- 

 charge of a smoky cloud of spores. Make habit sketches. 



B. Section the cup in pith with a razor, or study sections cut with the 

 microtome (Sec. 212). Draw first an outline sketch showing the rela- 

 tion of the parts, and then details. Note : 



1. The fruiting surface containing the spore sacs, asci, in various stages 

 of development among sterile filaments, paraphyses. 



2. The relation of the fruiting surface to the dense web of interwoven 

 hyphse beneath. 



3. Study stages in the development of the asci and ascospores. 



C. Some of the larger fleshy Ascomycetes related to the cup fungi are 

 excellent for comparative studies, or substitutes. Such are the morel 

 (Morchella), Helvella, Geoglossuin, Mitrula^ etc. 



114. Knot and wart fungi. Material of the black knot {Plowrightia) and 

 the larger wart fungi, such as Daldinia, Ilypoxylon, Xylaria, etc., furnish 

 excellent studies in comparison with the cup fungi. 



A. Study the growth habits of the forms. 



B. Section with an old razor the sac fruits, ascocarps, noting that the sacs 

 are contained in special cavities, perithecia, opening to the exterior. 



115. Other sac fungi. Many other sac fungi are interesting types for 

 study if material and time are available. Among them are ergot {Clavi- 

 ceps), caterpillar fungi (Cordyceps), truffles, some of the spot fungi and rots. 

 Certain of these sac fungi have remarkable forms of conidial fructifications 

 well worth study, as have also many of the imperfect fungi. 



116. Physcia, Parmelia, or other lichen** (App. 16). 



A. Study the form of the lichen, whether closely pressed 

 against the substratum (crustaceous), lobed and leaf-like 

 (foliose), or much branched (fruticose). Describe its sub- 

 stratum; attachment, color, and form. Search for fruiting 



