15 



inlet^ at the Moravian stations of Makkovik, Hopedale, Nain, 

 Okkak, Hebron, and Killinek (see map). Until quite recently 

 (1904, when Killinek was established), a small but hardy band 

 of "heathen" Eskimo lived in the neighbourhood of the Hudson's 

 Bay Company post at Nachvak.^ The Moravians had intended 

 to establish a station here, but had been forestalled by the 

 Hudson's Bay Company. Later they built missions on each 

 side of Nachvak, at Ramah and Killinek, and the Nachvak 

 post was practically squeezed out of existence.^ The main body 

 of Nachvak Eskimo emigrated to Cape Chidley, although a few 

 persisted in their heathen independence and are said to be still 

 living near Eclipse harbour. Generally speaking, the Labrador 

 Eskimo of the northern Atlantic coast are settled at the Mor- 

 avian stations and directly under their control. This has been 

 fortunate for them, as, under the w^atchful care of the good 

 Brethren, they have escaped the total destruction which has 

 overtaken their kindred of southern Labrador. 



The coast of Ungava bay is quite similar to that of the 

 Atlantic, being bold and fringed with islands, but differs in having 

 few inlets or good harbours. On the east side of the bay, Eskimo 

 are found at the Hudson's Bay Company posts at the mouths of 

 the Whale and George rivers. There is a considerable settlement 

 at Fort Chimo, at the foot of the bay, near the mouth of the 

 Koksoak, where both the Hudson's Bay Company and Revillon 

 Freres have large stations. On the west side of Ungava bay 

 the French company has a post at Wakeham bay, one of the few 

 good harbours in this region. Here and at Hopes Advance 

 are long established Eskimo villages. Scattered families are 



' The author discovered two survivors of the old southern bands of Labrador ISskimo, 

 liring in Sandwich bay. They were both women and married to white men, but still spoke 

 good Eskimo and remembered native stories and customs. One had considerable reputation 

 as a conjurer. The former husband of this woman, a famous hunter and doctor named Toma'- 

 suk, was the last male descendant of those large marauding parties which the French and 

 English explorers met in the Strait of Belle Isle and estimated at the astonishing figure of 

 30,000. 



' There were also a few Eskimo at the Hudson's Bay Company sub-post at Aillik. On the 

 abandonment of the post they formed the nucleus of the Moravian settlement at Makkovik. 



• The early good-will manifest between the Hudson's Bay Company and the Moravians 

 was later changed into an intense trade rivalry. However, the relations between the oflScials 

 is said to have always been most pleasant. 



