98 



smoothed down with the whetstone. The file and sandpaper 

 have replaced the whetstone in the modern process. Large 

 implements and harpoon and lance points were sometimes 

 chipped out of ivory tusks and whalebone with the adze or a 

 heavy knife. The Eskimo seem to prefer even at the present 

 time the old boring and splitting process to the use of modern 

 saws, introduced by traders. This may be due to the materials 

 that they work in, which are of such a nature as to lend them- 

 selves favourably to the old process. 



No specimens were found in Labrador of the larger stone 

 tools (hammers, adzes, etc.) common to Eskimo culture else- 

 where, but no doubt the ancient Labrador Eskimo used them. 

 The present culture has been modified perhaps more than any 

 other Eskimo division by a long intercourse with the whites. 

 When we consider the conditions at present, the southern 

 branch almost entirely dissipated or absorbed by the white 

 traders and settlers, and the northern branch surviving only under 

 the careful nurture of the Moravians, it is not remarkable that 

 we find only fragmentary evidences of the ancient culture. Our 

 thanks are due to the Moravians for encouraging the Eskimo 

 to continue using native food and clothing, but the complete 

 reversal of a people's religious and social ideas cannot but have a 

 disintegrating effect on their material culture. The Eskimo's 

 penchant for imitation is a powerful cause here, as in Alaska, for 

 the introduction of white methods of dress, housing, and furnish- 

 ing. Consequently we find a hybrid culture on the east coast of 

 Labrador — an Eskimo culture adapted to white ideas. We 

 do not strike a typical Eskimo group until we get into Hudson 

 strait and bay. Even here the influence of the trader and mis- 

 sionary is more or less felt, and is reflected in modern material 

 for clothing and in civilized food. 



PIPES. 



Among the Labrador Eskimo, as in Hudson bay, we find 

 the Indian type (Plate XXIV i) of pipe in use, together with 

 modern specimens furnished by the traders. Tobacco appears 

 to be as indispensable here as among the Western Eskimo, but its 



