4. The nearer a shoot approaches the vertical the more vigorous 

 it will be. 



5. The size of shoots and of fruit is, within certain limits, in- 

 versely as their amount. That is, with a given vine, or arm of a 

 vine, the fewer shoots allowed to grow the larger each will be, and 

 the same is true of bunches of fruit. 



6. Other conditions being equal, an excess of foliage is accom- 

 panied by a small amount of fruit; an excess of fruit' by diminished 

 foliage. 



7. Shoots coming from one-year-old wood growing out of two- 

 year-old wood are alone to be depended on for fruit. Other shoots are 

 usually sterile. 



, ,' 8. Bending, twisting or otherwise injuring the tissues of the 

 vine or its branches tend to diminish its vegetative vigor, and there- 

 fore, unless excessive, to increase its fertility. 



A description of a typical vine giving the names of the principal 

 parts, will make clear the accounts of methods to be given later. 

 Fig. i represents a vine of no particular order of pruning, showing 

 the various parts. The main body of the vine (T) is called the 

 trunk or stem; the principal divisions (B) branches; the smaller di- 

 visions (A) arms, and the ultimate ramifications (C) shoots when 

 green, and canes when mature. A. shoot growing out of the vine 

 above ground on any part older than one year (WS) is called a 

 water sprout. Shoots coming from any part of the vine below 

 ground (S) are called suckers. When a cane is cut back to I, 2, 3, 

 or 4 eyes it is called a spur (R). 



When a shoot or cane of one season sends out a secondary shoot 

 the same season, the latter (L) is called a lateral. 



Fig. II represents an arm of a vine as it appears in winter after 

 the leaves have fallen. The canes (Wi) are the matured shoots of 

 the previous spring. W2, W3, W4 represent 2, 3, and 4-year-old 

 wood respectively. Near the base of each cane is a basal bud or 

 eye (B). In counting the number of eyes on a spur the basal eye 

 is not included. A cane cut at Ki for instance leaves a spur of 

 one eye, at K.2 a spur of two eyes and so on. When more than four 

 eyes are left the piece is generally called a fruiting cane (Fig. I, F). 

 The canes (C,Ci) coming from two-year old wood (W2) possess 



