chosen, and with some upright growers it will be found necessary to 

 choose spurs nearer the horizontal. 



The arms must be kept short for convenience of cultivation and 



to give them the requisite strength to support their crop without 

 bending or breaking. For this reason the lowest of the two or three 

 canes coming from last year's spur should be left. For instance, on 

 Fig. II the cane should be cut at K2 or K/3, according as two or 

 three eyes are needed, and the rest of the arm removed at K. As 

 even with the greatest care some arms will become too long or pro- 

 ject in wrong directions, it is necessary to renew them by means of 

 canes from the old wood or water sprouts. For instance, if the other 

 arm represented on Fig. II were too long, it should be removed and 

 replaced by another developed from the cane (WS). As the cane 

 comes from three-year-old wood it cannot be depended on to pro- 

 duce grapes. "For this reason it is best the first year to prune the 

 arm at T, leaving a spur for fruit, and cut the water sprout ait T leav- 

 ing a wood spur of one eye. The next year the cane coming from 

 the first eye of WS can be left for a fruit spur, and the arm removed 

 at Ti. The cutting back of an elongated arm should not be deferred 

 too long, as the removal of old arms leaves large wounds which weak- 

 en the vine and render it liable to attacks of fungi. 



In order to maintain the equilibrium of the arms it is often nec- 

 essary to prune back the more vigorous arms severely in order to 

 throw the strength of the vine into the weaker arms. If the vine ap- 

 pears too vigorous, that is if it appears to be "going to wood" at the 

 expense of the crop, two spurs may be left on some or all of the arms. 

 In this case the upper spur should be cut above the third eye (K4 

 Fig. n), and the lower above the first or second (Ki or K.2). This 

 will cause the bulk of the fruit to be borne on the upper spur, and the 

 most vigorous shoots to be developed on the lower, which provides the 

 wood for the following year. This is an approach to the next (half- 

 long) method of pruning. 



Type II. Vines which require 

 more wood than can well be given 

 by ordinary short pruning, or of 

 which the lower eyes are not suffi- 

 ciently productive, may in some 

 cases be pruned in the manner il- 

 lustrated by Fig. V. For some va- 

 rieties it is necessary to leave spurs 

 of only three eyes, as at S; for 

 others, short canes of four or five 



