142 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. 



but may be injured by fall frosts. Those put in from August 15 to 

 September 15 remain dormant until the following year, unless the stock 

 is exceptionally vigorous. 



"2. Budding is most successful in the month of August. 



"3. The buds should be taken from canes which have reached the 

 stage of maturity indicated by the pith turning white and just before 

 the bark turns yellow. 



"4. The buds are inserted on canes of the current year's growth, 

 unless the vines are exceptionally vigorous. 



"5. Green grafting is most successful in June, provided the scions 

 are hard enough. The pith must be white. Younger scions with green 

 pith have completely failed with me. In a strong- growing vineyard 

 grafting may be done in July. 



"6. The leaves are taken off the scions when they are cut. If they 

 are to be used immediately they are placed in water; if to be carried 

 some distance they are placed in a wet sack. 



"7. I tie the buds and grafts with German knitting yarn. 



"8. I find that green grafting is more successful than budding, if 

 care is taken to get suitable scions in June. ' ' 



The season for herbaceous grafting will, of course, vary according to 

 the locality. Hot weather immediately following the work is fatal to 

 most of the grafts. Mr. Casalegna states that if two or three cool days 

 follow the insertion of the buds or scions he obtains an almost perfect 

 stand. The use of an elastic tying material such as yarn, as recom- 

 mended, seems essential. If raffia is used the shrinkage of the tissues 

 which follows grafting allows the graft to become loose and to dry out. 



COMPARISON OF VARIOUS METHODS OF STARTING A RESISTANT VINEYARD. 



Bench grafting cuttings is unhesitatingly recommended for the 

 following reasons : 



1. Both stock and scion are young and of the same size. The unions 

 are, therefore, strong and permanent. 



2. The grafting is done under conditions favorable to rapid and 

 effective work. 



3. The grafting can be done in any weather, and may extend over 

 three or four months. Bench grafting may be done on rainy days when 

 other work is not pressing or can not be done. 



4. The work is more easily supervised. One man who thoroughly 

 understands all details of the grafting can oversee the work of several 

 unskilled workmen, which makes it possible to employ cheaper labor 

 for much of the work. 



5. The cultural conditions are more easily controlled. There is much 

 less danger of inferior results due to excessively wet or dry weather 



