BULLETIN 192. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 109 



what Europeans were accustomed to, that there was little sale for the 

 fruit, and the wine could compete with only the very poorest quality of 

 Vinifera wines, and brought a very inferior price. A few of the varieties 

 introduced during that first period are still grown to a limited extent in 

 France, chiefly the Othello and the Lenoir. They are being gradually 

 abandoned, however, as their crops are unsatisfactory, and in many 

 localities can be maintained only by the aid of injections of bisulfid. 

 For some years the search for a suitable producer was almost abandoned 

 by practical men, the use of resistant stocks having been so fully 

 successful. Lately, however, renewed efforts have been made and 

 several new direct producers are being advocated and planted to some 

 extent. The merit of these new varieties, however, is chiefly their 

 resistance to Peronospora and black rot. Phylloxera resistance is con- 

 sidered of much less importance by their most ardent advocates, and 

 indeed the advice is generally given to graft some of the best of these 

 direct producers upon phylloxera-resistant stock. 



(b) Resistant Stocks. Though high resistance to phylloxera is essen- 

 tial in a grafting stock, there are other characteristics equally necessary. 

 The Rotundifolia (Scuppernong), which has the highest resistance of 

 any vine, is useless as a stock on account of the impossibility of grafting 

 it with any Vinifera variety. This is due to a lack of affinity, which 

 means a lack of similarity in structure and composition between the 

 tissues of the stock and those of the scion. This lack, in extreme cases, 

 results in an imperfect and temporary union, but when not excessive, 

 only in a slight decrease of vigor. The affinity is not perfect between 

 Vinifera varieties and any resistant stock, but in the case of Riparia 

 and Rupestris is generally sufficient to insure permanence to the union, 

 and the slight decrease of vigor consequent often results in an increase 

 of fruitfulness. It is for this reason that certain varieties when grafted 

 on resistant stocks, especially on Riparia, often bear larger crops than 

 when grown on their own roots. Not all varieties of Vinifera have the 

 same affinity for the same stock. For this reason it is desirable to be 

 cautious about making new or untried grafting combinations on a large 

 scale. Some varieties, such as Carignan, Petite Sirah, Clairette, and 

 Cabernet Sauvignon, do excellently on all stocks; while others, such as 

 Mondeuse and Gamay, do not make a very good union with any of the 

 thoroughly resistant stocks. The Petit Bouschet and Cinsaut make 

 very poor unions with any variety of Riparia, but do fairly well on 

 Rupestris St. George. The Pinot Noir makes a vigorous growth upon 

 Rupestris St. George, but bears much more prolificacy upon Riparia 

 Gloire; while the Mataro does not bear on Rupestris St. George and 

 makes poor unions with Riparia Gloire.* 



* Reconstitution du Vignoble, par. P. Gervais. 1900. 



