BULLETIN 192. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 115 



some little distance from the ground so that the bottom of the cage can 

 be pushed under them. While it is generally conceded that this is the 

 proper way to prune most vines, there are still some vineyards in the 

 State where the vines have been headed immediately at the ground, and 

 some others have been given this form by frost. For such vines, if the 

 cage is to be used at all, it must be used with no bottom, or, at least, a 

 less complete one than the cage described. 



This cage should be used in the early spring when the shoots are not 

 more than four or five inches long. At this time all the hoppers will 

 be found on the vines and they have not yet laid any eggs. The cage 

 need not be much larger than the diameter of the vines after pruning. 

 The size of the cage and the opening at the bottom should be made 

 according to the size of the vines to be treated. 



This cage can be used at comparatively little expense there being 

 practically no cost for materials as the chief outlay is the time of the 

 men employed in handling it. Such a cage can be manipulated by a 

 couple of men, and for small vines, four or five years old or under, it 

 may be handled by only one. Four or five acres can be covered in a 

 day and the oil used can be bought for a trifle. 



If this cage is conscientiously used it will catch from 85 to 95 per 

 cent of the hoppers, and this, at a time before any eggs have been laid, 

 ought to control the situation for the season. No migrations were 

 observed during the past season until about the middle of July, and if 

 the vines have not already been injured, they will not suffer much loss 

 from an attack at this time or later. 



Spraying. If for any reason the above method has not been used, or 

 satisfactorily done, the next most successful method is to spray for the 

 first brood of nymphs or young. The time for doing this during the 

 past season at Lodi was about the first of June, but the date will vary 

 with the season and location. The sprays which were found to be 

 satisfactory were the whale-oil soap solution and the resin spray. The 

 materials used in these sprays were one pound of soap or resin to fifteen 

 gallons of water. About one-fourth of a pound of ordinary lye should 

 be used to each pound of resin to make it dissolve thoroughly. 



An "upper shot" spray should be used, and the best type of nozzle 

 for this is an eddy chamber Vermorel, where the liquid is turned at 

 right angles in the chamber. This style does away with anything to 

 catch among the canes, and such a nozzle may be poked anywhere 

 through the vine without being caught. 



Thoroughness is most important here, since the spray will kill no 

 more than it hits. The under side of every leaf must be wet with the 

 solution. If this is done by the first of June when the growth is small, 

 it is not an exceedingly difficult task. This spraying is expected to kill 



