174 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN STUDIES 



obtained is utilized for the manufacture of buttermilk, any 

 surplus is sold back to the farmers or made into casein. 



The milk is put up in quarts and pints ; cream in % pints, 

 and buttermilk in quarts. After bottling, the bottles are 

 placed in crates, covered with cracked ice, and transferred 

 to refrigerator cars for transportation to the city. 



The milk cars reach the city not later than midnight of 

 the same day that they are loaded, under normal conditions. 

 They are switched to side-tracks controlled by the milk com- 

 panies, where they can be unloaded directly into delivery 

 wagons for distribution. There are 47 such stations owned 

 by the larger companies. 



The big dealers order their milk from the bottling plants 

 daily, estimating very closely the amounts needed from day 

 to day. 



The small dealers receive their milk from farmers designated 

 as ' ' shippers ' '. Their milk is shipped in 8 or 10 gallon cans, 

 in ordinary baggage cars, the shipper paying the freight. 

 These cars are switched to sidings and platforms owned by 

 the railroad companies. From there the cans are hauled by 

 trucks and teams to the various pasteurizing establishments of 

 which there are 305 in the city. 



TRANSPORTATION 



The city milk supply comes in over 25 different railroads 

 and electric lines. By far the greater portion is hauled by 

 the Chicago & Northwestern R. R. and Chicago, Milwaukee 

 & St. Paul R. R. 



The freight tariff now in force is practically the same one 

 in effect during the last 20 years. The rates as between dif- 

 ferent railroads are practically the same for equal distances. 



The milk put up at the bottling plants, or in cans at re- 

 ceiving stations, is brought to the city by what is known as 

 "milk trains". These trains carry nothing but milk, and 

 operate under normal conditions within a radius of 80 or 

 85 miles of the city. At the present time trains of this char- 

 acter are operating as far as 150 miles from the city, although 



