Cephalanthus. RUBIACE^E. 281 



berries distinct. L. Ledebouri, Esch., published a year later than Banks's name by 

 Sprengel. L. intermedia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 154, fig. 47. 



Common in shady places, reaching to the Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, and Lake Supe- 

 rior. Shrub 2 to 10 feet high : leaves 3 to 6 inches long. Involucre a pair of foliaceous outer ovate 

 bracts, which become half an inch long, and 4 interior and thinner rounded bracts which are 

 commonly united in pairs, all becoming yellowish or purplish in age. Corolla from half to two 

 thirds of an inch long, obscurely bilabiate. 



3. L. conjugialis, Kellogg. Shrub slender, straggling, soft-pubescent, or 

 smoother when old : leaves ovate or oval, thin, short-petioled ; the lower obtuse ; 

 the upper acute or acuminate : peduncles long and slender : bracts nearly wanting 

 or minute at base of the partly or wholly united ovaries : corolla broadly gibbous at 

 base, nearly or quite glabrous outside, dark and dull purple, bilabiate to below the 

 middle ; the broad upper lip barely 4-toothed ; its throat, with the base of the style 

 and filaments, hairy: berry red. Kellogg, 1. c. 67, fig. 15. L. Hreweri, Gray, 

 Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 537, & vii. 349. 



Woods of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. northward, and in adjacent parts of Ne- 

 vada. Peduncle an inch or less in length, and shorter than well-developed leaves, or rarely longer 

 and exceeding the leaf, as described by Dr. Kellogg. Corolla hardly half an inch long. 



4. L. caerulea, Linn. Low, pubescent : leaves oval or oblong, obtuse at both 

 ends, almost sessile : peduncles very short : bracts a single pair, linear- subulate, longer 

 than the united ovaries, which form a single globular blue berry : corolla yellowish- 

 white, funnelform, little gibbous and bilabiate ; the lobes shorter than the tube. 



Sierra Nevada, at 7,000 feet, Mariposa Co. (Bolandcr) ; thence northward, into Asia, &c. : the 

 form with villous-pubescent leaves and corolla : the Atlantic form has a glabrous corolla. 



ORDER XLIX. RUBIACE.3E. 



Known by having opposite entire leaves with intervening stipules (or one tribe 

 with whorled leaves without stipules), along with an inferior ovary and regular 

 4-5-androus flowers. Flowers generally perfect. Calyx and corolla 4-5-lobed 

 or toothed ; the limb of the former above the union with the ovary sometimes 

 obsolete. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube 

 or throat, distinct. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules amphitropous or anatropous. 

 Embryo in fleshy or horny albumen. Herbs, shrubs, or in the tropics trees, 

 with colorless juice. Where the leaves are whorled and unaccompanied by ap- 

 parent stipules, the supernumerary leaves are supposed to answer to stipules. 



A vast order, of over 4,000 species and 340 genera, mainly tropical and subtropical, although 

 the tribe or division Stellatce (with whorled leaves) is prevailingly of the northern temperate zone, 

 in no part of which is the whole family more feebly represented than in California. 



The order yields important products ; but Rubia tinctoria, the Madder plant, is the only one 

 cultivated for economical use out of the tropics. The Coffee-plant and species of Cinchona (yield- 

 ing Peruvian Bark) are the most important representatives of the family. The three following 

 are all the Californian or even Pacific North American genera ; but one of them is peculiar. 



1. Cephalanthus. Shrub, with opposite or whorled leaves and stipules within the petioles : 



flowers in a dense head. 



2. Kelloggia. Slender herb, with opposite leaves and stipules between the petioles : the flowers 



cymose. Fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. 



3. Galium. Herbs with whorled leaves and no apparent stipules. Fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. 



1. CEPHALANTHUS, Linn. BUTTON-BUSH. 



Flowers in a dense spherical head. Calyx inversely pyramidal, 4-toothed. 

 Corolla with a long and slender tube and a small 4-cleft limb. Stamens 4, short, 

 borne on the throat of the corolla. Style very long and slender, much exserted ; 



