282 RUBIACE^E. ^ephalanthus. 



stigma capitate. Ovary 2-4-celled, with a solitary ovule suspended from the 

 summit of each cell, ripening into a dry inversely pyramidal fruit, which splits from 

 the base upwards into 2 to 4 closed one-seeded portions. Leaves ample, short- 

 petioled, opposite or in whorls of three or four : a short scale-like stipule between 

 and within the petioles. Peduncles axillary and terminal, bearing single heads. 



1. C. OCCidentalis, Linn. Shrub or small tree, with ovate or lanceolate 

 leaves 3 to 5 inches long, smooth or pubescent : heads an inch in diameter, termi- 

 nating slender peduncles : flowers white. 



Along streams, common in California as in the Atlantic States, and extending into Mexico. 

 The Californian shrub (var. Californicus, Benth. PL Hartweg), like other southern forms, is com- 

 monly short-petioled. All the forms vary from smooth to soft-pubescent. Ovary 2-celled. 



2. KELLOGGIA, Torr. 



Calyx-tube obovoid, somewhat flattened laterally, thickly clothed with stiff 

 short bristles ; the 4 teeth very small, subulate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, with 

 4 narrow oblong lobes, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla : 

 filaments flattish, short : anthers linear. Style very slender : stigmas 2, filiform, 

 papillose. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule rising from the base of 

 each cell. Fruit small, oblong, coriaceous, 2-coccous, hispid with hooked bristles, 

 splitting at maturity into 2 closed carpels, to the walls of which the seed adheres. 

 Embryo large in the fleshy albumen, straight. Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. t. 6 (1862) ; 

 Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 137; Torr. 1. c. 332 

 (1874). 



1. K. galioides, Torr. 1. c. Slender perennial-rooted herb, about a foot high, 

 rather diffuse, glabrous or minutely pubescent : leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile : 

 interposed stipules small and scarious : flowers small, in a loose forking cyme ter- 

 minating the stem or few branches ; the long pedicels thickened at the apex and 

 articulated with the flower : corolla duH greenish-yellow, 3 lines long, pubescent 

 outside. 



Damp places, commonly under the shade of trees or shrubs, along the foot-hills and in the Si- 

 erra from Mariposa Co. northward, extending to Oregon, and eastward to Arizona (Palmer) 

 and Wyoming (Parry) ; first discovered on the Walla- Walla River, by Dr. Pickering and Mr. 

 Urackcnridge, in Wilkes' Expedition, when crossing from Oregon to California. The genus was 

 dedicated to Dr. Albert Kellogg of San Francisco, in fitting recognition of the arduous endeavors 

 of the earliest botanist resident in the State of California, whose botanical labors, prosecuted for 

 many years under abounding difficulties, entitle him to the gratitude of those who are engaged in 

 the preparation of this work, and of those who will use it. The plant is modest and unpretend- 

 ing, but peculiar. In the foliage and stipules it recalls Haustonia, in the flower an Asperula, 

 and the fruit is like that of Asperula and Galium, except that the embryo was found by Dr. 

 Torrey to be nearly straight. 



3. GALIUM, Linn. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS. 



Limb of the calyx obsolete. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, rarely 3-parted. 

 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, short. Styles 2, short : stigmas capitate. 

 Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled : ovules solitary. Fruit twin, biglobular, dry, or some- 

 times fleshy when ripe, separating into two closed one-seeded carpels. Herbs or 

 sometimes woody at base, with slender square stems, whorled leaves, destitute of 

 any apparent stipules (the stipxiles being supposed to be developed into leaves or 

 blades), and small flowers usually cymose. Roots of many species red, containing 

 a coloring-matter like madder, which is from a nearly related genus. 



