f 

 Quercns. CUPULIFEI^E. 93 



poses, the Butternut (J. cincrea), both of the Atlantic States, the English Walnut (J. rcyia), a 

 native of Asia but long cultivated throughout temperate Europe, anil four or five other less known 

 species. 



1. J. Calif ornica, Watson. More or less tomentose, sometimes nearly glabrous : 

 leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowing upward from near the base, 

 2 to 2 1 inches long : aments often in pairs, 4 to 8 inches long, loose : lobes of the 

 perianth in the staminate flowers 1 1 lines long, acute or obtuse, veined : stamens 30 

 to 40 ; anthers a line long, with the apex of the connective very short and bitid : 

 fruit globose, slightly compressed, f to 1 inch in diameter : nut shallowly sulcate, 

 the walls rather thin, with 2 broad cavities upon each side. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 

 349. J. rupevtris, var. major, Torrey in Sitgr. Rep. 171, t. 16. 



A tree or large shrub, in the vicinity of San Francisco and along the Sacramento (where it is 

 sometimes cultivated) growing to the height of 40 to 60 feet, and 2 to 4 feet in diameter; ranging 

 soutluvard to Santa Barbara, and eastward through Southern Arizona to New Mexico and Sonora, 

 Tliu-rber. 



J. RUPESTRIS, Engehn. Sitgr. Rep. 171, t. 15, is smaller (6 to 20 feet high), with more numer- 

 ous (6 to 12 pairs) and usually more acuminate leaflets ; aments only 2 inches long, with smaller 

 perianth, 20 to 30 stamens, shorter anthers and more prominent connective ; nut globose, 6 or 7 

 lines in diameter, with very thick nearly solid walls. Frequent in Texas and New Mexico ; 

 Walnut Grove, Arizona, Palmer. 



ORDER XCV. CUPULIFER2E. 



Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple pinnately veined leaves, cadu- 

 cous stipules, staminate floAvers naked or bracteate, in cylindrical or globose aments, 

 with a lobed or cleft perianth, and the pistillate sessile in a cup-like involucre 

 (1 - 5-flowered) covered with bractlike or spinescent appendages, with 6-lobed peri- 

 anth adherent to the 2 6-celled and 4- 12-ovuled ovary, which becomes a 1-celled 

 1 -seeded nut seated in or covered by the enlarged involucre. Stamens 4 to 20, 

 with distinct filaments and 2-celled anthers. Styles 2 to 6. Ovules erect or pen- 

 dulous, anatropous, usually all but 1 abortive though persistent. Seed without 

 albumen ; testa double. Embryo straight, with small superior radicle, and fleshy 

 cotyledons. 



A most important order, though including but four genera, extensively distributed especially 

 through northern temperate regions. The Chestnut (Castanca) and Beech (Fagus) occur in North 

 America only in the Atlantic States ; the former also represented in the Old World by a single 

 species, and the latter by a few scattered species in Europe, Japan, South America, New Zealand 

 and Australia. 



1. Quercus. Involucre 1-flowered, scaly and entire, becoming a cup. 



2. Castanopsis. Involucre 1 - 3-llowered, becoming a hard prickly bur. 



1. QUERCUS, Linn. OAK. (By Dr. GEORGE ENGELMANN.) 



Staminate flowers in slender aments ; bracts mostly caducous : calyx 4 - 8-parted 

 or -lobed : stamens 3 to 10 ; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers single or in clusters 

 or sometimes in spikes, consisting of an incompletely 3-celled 6-ovuled ovary, bear- 

 ing three styles or sessile stigmas, and enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which 

 enlarges into an indurated cup (cupule) around the base of the single rounded or 

 elongated 1-seeded nut or acorn, the 5 undeveloped ovules remaining as rudiments 

 at the base or top of the perfect seed. Cotyledons continuing underground in germi- 

 nation ; radicle very short and included. Flowers greenish, developing with the 



