Pinus. CONIFERS. 123 



or less persistent sheath of membranous scales, needle-shaped, terete or semiterete or 

 triangular according as the fascicles are of 1, 2, or more, mostly delicately serrulate, 

 with stomata on all sides or rarely only on the upper inner sides ; resin-ducts periph- 

 eral (close to the epidermis) or parenchymatous (within the cellular tissue) or 

 internal (close to the cellular sheath surrounding the pith and vascular bundles), 

 varying in number in the same species ; strengthening cells (thick-walled longitudi- 

 nal hypoderm cells) distributed under the epidermis, especially at the angles and 

 keel, and often around the ducts, very rarely absent : seeds becoming detached from 

 the wing at maturity, or rarely remaining adherent and at last breaking off. 

 Pinus, Linn., Endlicher, Parlatore, in part. 



The largest and, geologically, the oldest coniferous genus, of 60 or 70 recent species, of which 

 24 belong to the Old World and nearly twice as many to the New. About 15 species are Mexi- 

 can and West Indian, 11 belong to the Atlantic States, and 15 to the Rocky Mountains and the 

 Pacific slope. 



1. Apophysls generally thinner, ivith a terminal unarmed umbo : anthers 

 terminating in a knob or a few teeth or in a short incomplete crest : leaves 

 in fives, with peripheral ducts (in our species), their sheaths loose and decid- 

 uous : cones subterminal. STROBUS. 



* Wings longer than the seeds : leaves serrulate and (at least when young} den- 

 ticulate at the blunt tip : female aments lonrj-peduncled, erect : cones pendulous 

 in the second year. 



1. P. monticola, Dougl. A tree 60 to 80 feet high and sometimes 3 feet in 

 diameter, with smoothish pale bark splitting into square plates : leaves mostly 2 

 (occasionally 4) inches long, with 2 to 6 lines of stomata on the sides, rarely any on 

 the back ; teeth very small and distant : male flowers oval, surrounded by 8 invo- 

 lucral scales ; anthers knobbed or short-crested : cones cylindrical, slender, 5 to 8 

 inches long, yellowish brown : seeds pale, 3 to 3| inches long ; wings twice as long, 

 widest in the middle, pointed: cotyledons 6 to 9. Lamb. Pin. 2 ed. iii. t. 67; 

 Loud. Arbor, iv. 2291, tig.; Parlat. in DC. Prodr. xvi 2 . 405. 



On the higher Sierra Nevada, from 7,000 or 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, from the Calaveras 

 and Mount Raymond northward : common in the Shasta region and on the Trinity Mountains, 

 and extending to Oregon and Washington Territory. It is the western representative of the 

 northeastern White Pine, from which it may be readily distinguished by the larger cones and 

 stiff'er and much less serrulate leaves, in which strengthening cells underlie almost the whole 

 epidermis (but do not surround the ducts), while they are absent in the softer leaves of P. Strobus. 

 The wood is said to be white and soft, as in the White Pine. 



2. P. Lambertiana, Dougl. A tree of gigantic dimensions, 150 to 300 feet 

 high and 10 to 20 feet in diameter, with light-brown smoothish bark splitting in 

 small sections : leaves 3| to 4 inches long, rigid, with 5 or 6 lines of storaata on 

 each of the 3 sides: male flowers oval, half an inch long, with 10 to 15 involucral 

 scales; anthers denticulate-crested : cones cylindrical, bright brown, 12 to 18 inches 

 long and 3 or 4 inches wide, on peduncles 3 inches in length : seeds smooth, black, 

 G lines long ; wing not quite twice as long, widest below the middle, obtuse : coty- 

 ledons 13 to 15. Linn. Trans, xv. 500; Lamb. 1. c., t. 68, 69; Loud. Arbor, iv. 

 2288, fig.; Nutt. Sylva, iii. 122, t. 114; Newberry, Pacif. R. Kep. vi. 42, fig. 14 ; 

 Parlat. 1. c. 406. 



Throughout the State and northward to the Columbia River, on both slopes of the Sierra 

 Nevada, in a forest belt with P. ponderosa and Abies concolor at an elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 or 

 sometimes 7,000 or 8,000 feet ; in the Coast Ranges only on the highest points, from the Santa 

 Lucia Mountains to Humboldt County. Leaves stouter than in its allies, with a layer of 

 strengthening cells under the whole epidermis and around the ducts. The wood is like that of 

 the White Pine and similarly used. The exudation from the partially burned tree loses its 

 resinous qualities and acquires a sweetness similar to that of sugar or manna, for which it is some- 

 times used, whence the name of " Sugar Pine." 



