Carex. CYPERACE.E. 237 



28. C. echinata, Murr. Cespitose : stem ^ to 2 feet high, few-leaved : leaves 

 flat and grass-like, to 1 line broad, much shorter than the stem : lower bract subu- 

 late from a lanceolate base, longer or shorter than its spikelet : spikelets 3 or 4, 

 approximate or remote, spherical, the uppermost tapering at base ; scales membra- 

 nous, ferruginous or white-hyaline with green midnerves, ovate, obtuse or acute : peri- 

 gyuium greenish straw-colored, ovate-lanceolate from a round or ovate spongy base, 

 attenuate to a sharply bidentate beak, plano-convex, serrate-ciliate above on the acute 

 margins, many-nerved, squarrose-spreading or recurved, twice longer than the scale : 

 nutlet suborbicular, lenticular, yellowish, tipped with the enlarged base of the style. 

 C. stellulata, Good.; Schk. Car. tig. 14; lieichenb. 1. c., t. 214. C. muricata, 

 Huds. ; Fl. Dan. t. 284. 



At the Calaveras Grove, and in swamps in the Red Mountains, Mendocino County (Bolandcr) ; 

 also in swamps near Santa Rosa (Bigclow) ; Oregon (Hall) ; and from Sitka and British America 

 to Florida, Colorado and Arizona. 



29. C. arida, Schwein. & Torr. Stem 2| to 3 feet high, sharply angled above, 

 scabrous : leaves 2 lines broad, attenuate to a setaceous summit, longer or shorter 

 than the stem, sheathing about two-thirds of its length, the inner side of the sheaths 

 herbaceous, entire : bracts scale-like and cuspidate, or the lowest herbaceous and fili- 

 form, exceeding the stem : spike pale, 2 to 3 inches long, oblong-cylindrical, of 8 

 to 10 elliptical spikelets 8 to 14 lines long and 1 to 3 lines thick, acute at each 

 end, simple or the lower compound ; a second spike of 4 or 5 spikelets rarely occurs, 

 \ to 4 inches below the upper and on a peduncle 1 to 1| inches long ; scales hyaline, 

 white or of a pale fulvous hue, with a green mid nerve, the male ovate, obtuse, the 

 female lanceolate and acute : perigynium 4 or 5 lines long and 1 broad, lanceolate, 

 produced at base, acuminate-rostrate, bifid, winged, ciliate-serrate on the sharp mar- 

 gins, 4-5-nerved in the middle, more than twice "the length of the scale : nutlet 

 linear-lanceolate, sessile, dark brown. Cyp. 312, t. 24; Boott, 111. i. 20, t. 54. 



In the Sierra Nevada (Kellogg), locality not noted ; Atlantic States from Ohio to Wisconsin and 

 Kentucky. 



30. C. scoparia, Schk., var. fulva. Stem 2 feet high or more, smooth : leaves 

 2 lines broad, shorter than the stem : spike ovoid or oblong, of 8 to 12 crowded or 

 contiguous sessile spikelets, naked or the lowest with a setaceous bract dilated at 

 base and shorter than the stem : perigynium pale fulvous, narrowly lanceolate, 

 attenuate-rostrate, sharply bidentate, narrowly winged, serrate on the margins, longer 

 than the membranous fulvous or ferruginous lanceolate sharp-pointed scale : nutlet 

 oval, lenticular, short-stipitate, chestnut-colored, shining, much shorter than the peri- 

 gynium. Schk. Car. fig. 175, and Boott, 111. iii. 116, t. 368, the typical form. 



In the Sierra Nevada ; at Big Trees (Hil/cbrund, n. 2317) ; from the head of the Tnolumne to 

 Ebbett's Pass and Silver Valley (Brewer, n. 1774, 1969, 2020, 2079) ; Oregon, Hall, Howell. The 

 whole plant of a light fulvous color, smoother and stouter than the eastern form, which is found 

 from Arctic America to South Carolina. 



31. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Cespitose : stem 2 to 2| feet high, sharply 

 angled, scabrous, many-leaved below the middle : leaves 1| to 3 lines broad, taper- 

 ing to a very slender summit, the upper equalling the stem ; sheaths sharply trian- 

 gular, loose, enlarging upward : lowest bract foliaceous, often far exceeding the stem : 

 spikelets pale green becoming straw-color, numerous (10 to 15 or more), ellipsoidal 

 or obovoid, obtuse, crowded in an oblong head or contiguous, the lowest often remote 

 on a long peduncle and compound ; scales membranous, acute or acuminate : peri- 

 gynium closely imbricated, elliptical or lanceolate, gradually more or less beaked, 

 narrowly winged, the margins serrate, nerved, longer than the scale : nutlet loosely 

 invested by the perigynium, elliptical, stipitate, lenticular, chestnut-colored. Car. 

 fig. 177 ; Boott, 111. iii. 116, t. 370, 371. 



Collected in California by Thurber, but locality uncertain. The species ranges eastward from 

 Canada to South Carolina and Texas. 



