636 THE CEREBRAL RELATIONS OJ? 



ever, why both the kinds of Speech-defect should be most 

 frequently met with in regard to Names of persons, places, 

 and things. In the slighter cases, it is only those 

 altogether special ' associations ' which either cannot be 

 recalled at all, or which are misapplied. It is rarer to 

 find such defects extending to substantives generally and 

 to other parts of speech. As Broadbent truly observes* 

 " Words other than names, such as adjectives, verbs, etc., 

 constituting the framework of a sentence or proposition, 

 stand on a different footing ; they are not associated 

 with and tied down by visual, tactual, and other percep- 

 tions. Their use implies a previous knowledge of words 

 as names, and mark a step beyond the act of naming. 

 . . . . They are not substantive intellectual sym- 

 bols, but intellectual agents, instruments and products 

 of intellect in action, not presentations impressed upon it. 

 It is with respect to this class of words that it may be 

 strictly said that ' we think in words,' for we often 

 think [in part] in revived visual impressions not reduced 

 to words. The convolutions concerned in their employ- 

 ment, will be such as are the seat of the intellectual 

 operations, the superadded convolutions." 



Even though we do not quite agree with Broadbent, in 

 supposing that Intellectual Action and its Centres can be 

 so distinctly separated from Perceptive Action and its 

 Centres ; ( or, in regard to the divisions which he seeks to 



* " Med. Chirurg. Trans.," 1872, p. 192. 



f H. Spencer says ("Principles of Psychology," vol. i. p. 163), 

 " The proximate components of Mind are of two broadly contrasted 

 kinds Feelings and the Relations between Feelings." But a close 

 examination of what is said in regard to ' Relations ' makes it evident 

 that they correspond with what has been spoken of generally in this 

 work as the * cognitive side of Feeling.' Though H. Spencer names 

 two components of Mind and describes them apart, this is only for 

 descriptive purposes, since he himself adds : " Strictlv speaking 



