132 THE ROSE FAMILY. [Geum. 



divided into 3, and sometimes 2 or 3 small ones along the stalk, all 

 coarsely toothed. Flowers yellow, with small spreading petals. Carpels 

 in a close, sessile head, covered with silky hairs ; the awn about 3 lines 

 long, curved downwards, with a minute hook at the tip. 



Under hedges, on roadsides, banks, and margins of woods, common 

 in the greater part of Europe arid Russian and central Asia, but not a 

 high northern plant. Abundant in England, Ireland, and southern 

 Scotland, but apparently becoming scarce towards the north. 



2. G. rivale, Linn. (fig. 306). Water A. Rootstock often shortly 

 creeping. Stems erect or ascending, usually simple, shorter than in G. 

 urbanum. Leaves mostly radical, with one large, orbicular, terminal 

 segment, coarsely toothed or lobed, or sometimes divided into 3, and a 

 few very small segments lower down the stalk, all more hairy than in 

 0. urbanum. Flowers few, drooping, much larger than in G. urbanum ; 

 the petals less spreading, of a dull purplish colour, with a tint of 

 orange. Carpels very hairy, in a globular head, which is shortly 

 stalked above the calyx. 



In marshes and wet ditches, in Europe, Russian Asia, and northern 

 America, extending into the Arctic regions, and almost confined to moun,- 

 tainous districts in southern Europe. Common in northern England, 

 Scotland, and Ireland, but absent in south-western England. FL summer. 

 Where this and G. urbanum grow together, specimens are occasionally 

 found approaching sometimes more nearly to the one, sometimes to the 

 other. They have been described as a species under the name of G. 

 intermedium, Ehrh., but they are more generally believed to be mere 

 accidental hybrids between the two species. 



V. RUBUS. RUBUS. 



Herbs, with a perennial stock, or more frequently weak, scrambling, 

 prickly shrubs ; the leaves pinnately or palmately divided into distinct 

 segments or leaflets, or rarely simply lobed. Calyx free, 5-lobed. Petals 

 5. Stamens numerous. Fruit a kind of granulated berry, formed by the 

 union of numerous 1 -seeded succulent carpels round the conical or shortly 

 oblong, dry receptacle. 



A large genus, widely distributed over almost every part of the globe. 

 The fruit, analogous in some respects to that of a Mulberry ', is sufficient to 

 distinguish it at once from all other Rosacece. In the Mulberry, however, 

 each granule is formed by a separate flower, whilst in Rubus the whole 

 fruit proceeds from a single one. From the Strawberry it differs, in that 

 the carpels are succulent on a dry receptacle, whilst in the Strawberry the 

 carpels are dry, and the receptacle succulent. 

 Flowering stems biennial or pere.nnial, woody at least at the 



base, 2 or more feet long. Stipules subulate. 



Lower leaves pinnate, with 6 leaflets. Rootstock creeping . 1. R. Idaius, 

 Leaves of 3 leaflets, or, if of 5, the 4 lower ones proceed from 



the same point 

 Branches slender, glaucous. Fruit covered with bluish 



bloom 2. R. ccesiut. 



Branches not glaucous. Fruit black or reddish, without 



bloom 3. R, fruticosut, 



Flowering stems herbaceous, very short, or seldom a foot high. 



Stipules ovate or lanceolate. 



T^aves with 3 leaflets. Flowers small, axillary . . 4. R. saauitilit. 



L*uv<>8 undivided. Flowers large, terminal, solitary . . 5. R. Chamcemoru* 



