246 THE COMPOSITE FAMILY. 



but rather less so in Britain, and disappearing north of Lanark and 

 Berwick ; east Ireland only. Ft. summer and autumn. 



8. S. paludosus, Linn. (fig. 549). Fen S. Stem erect, 2 to 5 or 

 6 feet high, scarcely branched. Leaves numerous, narrow-lanceolate, 

 sharply toothed, more or less cottony on the under side. Flower-heads 

 rather large, not very numerous, in a loose terminal corymb. Involucres 

 almost hemispherical, the outer bracts few, short, and subulate. Florets 

 of the ray from 12 to 16, yellow, linear, and spreading. 



In swamps and fens, in temperate Europe, extending northward to 

 southern Sweden, but usually very local. Very rare in Britain, and re- 

 stricted to a few spots in the fenland tracts of the eastern counties of 

 England and the Channel Islands. Fl. swnimer. 



9. S. saracenicus, Linn. (fig. 550). Broad-leaved S. An erect 

 perennial, nearly allied to S. paludosus, but glabrous or nearly so, and 

 not usually so tall. Leaves broadly or narrowly lanceolate, and more 

 regularly toothed. Flower-heads much more numerous, and smaller 

 than in S. paludosus, in a compact corymb. Involucres cylindrical or 

 ovoid, with seldom more than 6 or 7 florets to the ray. 



In woods and shady places, almost all over the continent of Europe, 

 extending in Russian Asia to the Arctic regions, although not found in 

 Scandinavia. Very local in Britain, and chiefly in moist meadows and 

 pastures in various parts of England and Scotland, possibly escaped 

 from gardens, where it has been sometimes cultivated. In Ireland, in 

 woods near Bantry. Fl. summer. 



10. S. palustris, DC. (fig. 551). Marsh S. An erect and nearly 

 simple annual or biennial, often covered with a loose grey down, not 

 cottony as in S. eampestris. Stem hollow, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 

 lanceolate, sinuate and coarsely toothed or nearly entire. Flower- 

 heads in a dense terminal corymb, approaching to an umbel. In- 

 volucral bracts all equal, without any small outer ones. Florets of the 

 ray about 20, yellow. Achenes glabrous, strongly ribbed, with a 

 copious silky pappus more than twice as long as the involucre. 



In wet, muddy places, in northern Europe and Asia, from the Arctic 

 regions to Picardy, the Netherlands, and central Germany. Very rare 

 in Britain, and confined to the fens of the eastern counties of England. 

 PI. summer. 



Jl. S. eampestris, DO. (fig. 552). Field S. Rootstock short and 

 thick, or slightly creeping. Stem erect, simple, from a few inches to 1 

 or 2 feet high. Radical leaves stalked, oblong or ovate, those of the 

 stem longer and narrower, upper ones few and distant, all entire or 

 toothed, with a loose cottony wool on the under side, as also on the 

 stems, especially in open, dry situations. Flower-heads like those of 

 S. palustris, but only few together, in a small terminal corymb or rather 

 umbel, the peduncles starting from nearly the same point. Achenes 

 downy, with scarcely prominent ribs, and a shorter pappus than in 

 S. palustris. 



In meadows and pastures, in most of the mountain-ranges of Europe 

 and Russian Asia to the Arctic regions. In Britain, limited to a few 

 stations on the chalky downs of the central and southern counties of 

 England. Fl. summer. [A tall variety, maritima, Syme. (S. spathulce- 

 folius, Bab.), with broadly toothed leaves, occurs in Micklefell in York- 

 shire, and on maritime rocks in AngleseaJ 



