242 THE ARCTIC ZONE. 



upon. Mr. Wheelwright on Game in Lapland. Permanent Habitants 

 of the Polar Regions. Birds. Animals. Polar Bears. Musk Oxen. 

 Nutritive Value of Reindeer Moss. Reindeer Burrowing in the Snow 

 for Moss. American Buffalo in Deep Snows. Scent and Weight of 

 Musk Oxen. Fossil Musk Oxen. Probable Great Antiquity of the Genus. 

 The Preservation of Primeval Types. Why One Survives and Another 

 Perishes. The Arctic Hare, and Smaller Rodents. Animals Living in 

 Snow Drifts. Plants Growing Beneath the Snow. The Purple Arctic 

 Saxifrage. Plants in a Dormant State beneath Glaciers. Holes of Arctic 

 Animals in Snow Drifts. Caverns, or Open Spaces beneath the Snow. 

 How formed. Supporting Power of Snow. Snows Melting at the 

 Ground Level. Ice Forming on the Roofs of Cavities. Why Snow, 

 Touching the Ground, Melts. Delicate Creatures Living in Warmth and 

 Safety beneath the Drifts. The Lemming. The Arctic Mouse. Arctic 

 Mirage. Arctic Hares. How the Polar Hare Lives. Ptarmigan. Birds 

 Flying into Snow Drifts. Black Cock rising out of Snow. Condition 

 of Snow in Great Cold. Protective Colourings of Arctic Birds and 

 Beasts. South Kensington Museum Specimens. How Nature produces 

 Albinism. Arrest of Pigmentation in the Human Hair. Hair Follicles. 

 Hares Turning White during Severe Winters. Similarity of Effects of 

 Great Cold and of Great Heat. Trees Cracking in Frosts. Shrinkage 

 of Woods, Horn, Bone, etc. Fall of the Leaf of Trees, caused by 

 Intense Dry Heat, or by Winter Cold. Similarity of Atmospheric 

 Electrical Conditions. The Skin Burnt by Metals in Great Cold. 

 Similarity between Burns and Frost Bites. Treatment of Superficial 

 Frost Bites. Severe Frost Bites. Congelation. Persons Frozen to 

 Death generally Found partly Naked. Scientific Aspects of Cold as 

 Regards the Human Frame. Dr. Garrod's Experiments. Tendency to 

 Sleep. Phenomena of Death by Cold. People Frozen in Blizzards. 

 Falling into the Sea, in the Arctic Regions. Health in the Polar 

 Climates. The Therapeutic Effects of Dry Cold. Effects of Wind in 

 Polar Climates, Professor Nordenskiold upon. Sir George Nares's 

 Opinions. Precautions in Great Cold. Canadian Winters. Progressive 

 Cold of the Arctic Night. Lowest Recorded Temperatures. Return 

 of the Sun accompanied by the Greatest Cold. Effects of Intense Cold on 

 Ships' Stores. Difficulties of Arctic Travel. How Salt Ice turns Fresh. 

 Icebergs. Movements of Glaciers. Icebergs Breaking off Greenland 

 Glaciers. Ice Cliffs near Behring's Straits. The Antarctic Ice Barrier. 

 Storms and Intense Severity of Climate in the Antarctic Seas. Great 

 Movements of Antarctic Ice. Mammoth Icebergs. Precautions against 

 Ice at Sea. Sledging Parties on Polar Ice. Impracticability of Reaching 

 the Pole in this Way. Sledging restricted to Spring and Summer. Why 

 Impossible in Winter. Arctic and Subarctic Snows. Canadian Winter 

 Camps. Beautiful Effects of Freshly Fallen Snow. The Aurora 

 Borealis. Showers of Ice Crystals. Temperature of the Realms of 

 Space. The Arctic Night. Moonlight in the Arctic Regions. Brilli- 

 ancy of Stars. Electrical Phenomena. "The Boreal Crown." Spring 

 B*reak-up of the Polar Ice. The Scriptures on Snow, Ice, and Cold. 

 Attractions of the Arctic Region to Explorers. Health as Affected by 



