LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Xlll 



FACING 



PLATE PAGE 



years ago. Scale of average log about 50 feet D.-S. Such a 

 stand will yield 30 per cent of lumber of Grades No. 1 and 

 No. 2. Desirable type of seed trees marked "S." (Author's 



illustration. ) 136 



XVI. Stand 25 to 30 years old, Quality II, before being thinned. The 

 large knots on the dominant trees are noteworthy. Trees to 

 be removed in first improvement thinning marked "X." (Au- 

 thor's illustration.) 148 



XVII. Stand shown in Plate XVI after a combined first cutting and 

 improvement thinning. Most of the knotty dominant trees 

 have been cut, leaving the stand formed entirely of slender, 

 clean-stemmed codominant and intermediate trees. These, 

 with increased diameters, will yield from 3 to 3 3 / nearly 

 clear logs, which will saw out approximately the same type 

 of wood as that shown in Plate IX-B. More than 3,000 feet 

 D.-S. per acre were removed from the stand in this cutting. 

 The average log, however, scaled less than 12 feet. (Au- 

 thor's illustration.) 148 



XVIII. Fire Protection. Surface fire in pine forest stopped by plowing 



two double furrows 156 



XIX. Unused top containing a sound 16-foot log, 10 inches in diame- 

 ter at large and 5 inches at small end, but yielding only cull 

 lumber on account of large knots. Such a top is forming a 



serious fire menace. (Author's illustration.) 156 



XX. A loblolly pine stand, Quality II, cut to a 12-inch diameter, a 

 large number of slender, clean-stemmed, intermediate trees 

 being uncut. Characteristic condition in which such a stand 

 was left after it was logged by means of wheels in the decade 

 preceding 1905. Compare Plates VI-B and VIII. The lum- 

 ber from these small trees at the date of the cutting would 

 have had a Norfolk value of $13.60 per M, with a high cost 

 of operation on account of the small size of the logs, less 

 than 15 feet b. m. Doyle-Scribner, and a stumpage value of 

 only a few cents per M. After holding 15 years these trees 

 have a stumpage value of about $2.40 per M, while the aver- 

 age log scales between 40 and 50 board feet. This is an 

 increase in value of practically 1,000 per cent. (Photo. U. 



S. Forest Service.) 156 



XXI. Condition in which loblolly pine and hardwood swamp forest 

 was left after being logged by steam skidder in the manner 

 of cutting which prevailed to 1905. In the present opera- 

 tions cutting is closer and less small timber is left. Note 

 the large amount of inflammable slash. (Photo. U. S. 



Forest Service. ) 156 



XXII. Open mature stand of loblolly pine, Quality II. Establishment 

 of pine seedlings prevented by fires. Heavy underwood of 

 oak and other broadleaf trees growing beneath the pine, but 

 periodically top killed by fire. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 156 



