xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



FACING 



PLATE PAGE 



about 90 feet, D.-S. The small size of the heartwood is 

 noteworthy. (Author's illustration.) 



C. Logs chiefly of Grades 1 and 2, diameters 12 to 36 inches. 

 These were the prevailing grades and sizes which were 

 sawed until 1895. Average log about 200 feet, D.-S. 



XIII. Typical boards of important grades of North Carolina pine 



lumber 12 feet long. A to D, inclusive, are dressed boards; 

 E and F are rough. (Photographs made under direction 

 of author.) 100 



A. No. 1 grade board, 16 inches wide, from a large, old, fine- 



grained heart tree of the quality known as "slash pine." 

 A narrow margin of sapwood is shown on either edge of 

 the board. 



B. No. 2 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a small 



pin knot and a narrow pitch streak in the upper one-half 

 of the board. Board from an old growth, fine grained 

 tree, very largely heartwood. 



C. No. 3 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a pitch 



pocket in the lower one-fourth, two pin knots near the 

 middle of the board, a pitch streak at the upper 

 end of the board, and a sliver in the coarse, flat grain 

 of its center. Board is from a second growth forest 

 tree, coarse grained in the center and medium grained 

 on the edges. Two-thirds of surface sapwood. 



D. Box or No. 4 grade board, 12 inches wide. Very knotty and 



coarse grained. This board is from a rapid growth tree 

 of the old-field type and is all sapwood except a narrow 

 ribbon of heart down the center. 



E. Merchantable red heart grade board, 10 inches wide. This 



board would have graded as a No. 3 but for the red heart 

 which shows as the dark streaks in the heartwood. 



F. Box bark strip. The bark edge show's along the upper 



right-hand edge of the strip; the bark has been trimmed 

 from the lower portion of the piece. 



XIV. Stand fifty to sixty years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly 



pine site, which was culled of the dominant trees fifteen years 

 ago. This stand, consequently, is formed of the intermediate 

 and suppressed trees of the original stand which accounts 

 for the very clean and slender stems. Under a better method 

 of cutting, this stand would have produced at this time 

 35,000 board feet to the acre, the average log being 45 feet 

 D.-S., and yielding more than 60 per cent No. 3 grade lumber 

 and better. Desirable type of seed trees marked "S." (Au- 

 thor's illustration. ) 136 



XV. Unthinned stand 80 years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly 

 pine site, in process of lumbering. Although of good size, the 

 upper logs are prevailingly knotty. This stand would have 

 been benefited by the removal of the dominant trees 25 to 30 



