146 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA FIXE. 



locomotive fuel. If these trees are 8 inches in diameter, there is a loss 

 at the next cutting in ten years of 160 feet, board measure, per acre. 

 Large numbers of small trees are also needlessly broken down by saw- 

 yers; by careless felling, or are cut for bed trees. 



Rules to Govern Logging. 



Owners of timberland who wish to (1) prevent waste of their timber 

 and (2) cut to the most advantageous size for securing the greatest 

 present yields from the forest and maintain it on a producing basis 

 should require of loggers the observance of the following regulations : 



(1) Rigid protection from fires must be afforded all cut-over lands 

 during re-stocking, since probably one-fifth of all the young timber, 

 except on wet soil, is destroyed or injured by fires. 



(2) Sound young pines unless suppressed, must not be used for tram- 

 road cross-ties, for fuel for locomotives, corduroy roads, skidways, etc., 

 unless it is impossible to obtain other timber. 



(3) When no other timber is available for the above uses young 

 pines in dense groups and crooked, limby, short-bodied, or oppressed 

 trees which will not make clear merchantable logs of good size by the 

 next cutting must be used in preference to other trees. 



(4) Large trees must not be thrown in clumps of young trees. 



(5) No dominant or codominant trees less than 16 inches in diameter 

 breasthigh must be cut unless taken from a do:ise group. 



(6) In case of clean cutting seed trees must be left. 



(7) Stumps must not be higher than the diameter in the case of trees 

 under 18 inches in diameter on the stump, and not more than 18 inches 

 in larger trees. 



(8) Sound merchantable logs 6 inches or more in diameter used for 

 skidways and loading platforms must not be left in the woods. 



Increase in Cost of Handling Small Timber. 



The increase in the cost of handling and converting was found to be 

 about 3.3 per cent for each decrease of 10 board feet in the Doyle-Scrib- 

 ner scale of the log in the smaller diameters. The size of the mill-run 

 log between the years 1895 and 1900 was more than 80 feet. It is now 

 between 30 and 40 feet, Doyle-Scribner, in many of the larger mills 

 operating in the Norfolk district. If the cost of logging and milling 

 a 13-inch log, scaling 81 feet by the Doyle-Scribner rule, is regarded as 

 100 per cent, then the increase in the cost of logging and milling smaller 

 logs can be shown by the per cent of increase over the cost for this size 

 log. Table 76 shows the cost of logging and manufacture of logs of 

 different sizes allowing a 3.3 per cent increase in cost for every decrease 

 of 10 feet in the scale of the log. 



