CESTODA 105 



stand alone, since a similar specimen is, I believe, in the 

 possession of the Rev. W. Dallinger. This was removed from 

 the human brain. Curious as this subject is, I cannot dwell 

 upon it. Not only are the mature tapeworms and their Cysti- 

 cerci liable to present monstrosities, but even also their prosco- 

 lices or six-hooked embryos. Thus, twelve hooks were observed 

 by Salzmann in the embryo of T. elliptica, and Heller also 

 figures two embryos of T. mediocanellata (T. saginata, G-ceze) 

 with numerous booklets. Dujardin saw seven in a Bothrioce- 

 phalus embryo. Occasionally there have been errors of inter- 

 pretation made by observers. Thus, Diesing has given beautiful 

 figures of Dibothrium hians in such a way as to suggest different 

 degrees of monstrosity affecting the tail end of the strobile ; but 

 this splitting has clearly resulted from injury. Thus also, when 

 I removed five specimens of a new cestode (Diphyllobothrium 

 stemmacephalum) from the intestines of a porpoise, one of them 

 was cleft nearly half way up the strobile. This had been done 

 by the scissors employed in slitting up the gut ; but owing to 

 perfect contraction of the incised edges, it was some time 

 before I discovered that the apparent monstrosity had been 

 artificially produced. Lastly, I may add that many of the 

 older writers were well acquainted with larval and other 

 anomalies. Thus Rudolphi described a two-headed Cysticercus 

 from a Lemur, and also a double-headed Taenia crassicollis. This 

 worm had a tripartite body ; as had likewise a Tania crassi- 

 collis of which he did not possess the head (corpore prismatico). 

 Other monstrosities were described and figured by Bremser 

 and Creplin. Pallas mentions a two-headed Tricuspidaria 

 (Tricenophori nodulosi bicipites), and, as already stated at p. 97, 

 a double-headed Cysticercus has been obtained from the liver 

 of a sheep. 



Before quitting the Tania proper, I may observe that several 

 other species have been indicated, based on ovular and other 

 insufficient characters. To these belong Ransom's supposed 

 tapeworm, and also Weinland's Ttenia megaloon. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY (No. 18). Bonnet, C., ' CEuv. Compl./ torn vi, 

 p. 191, 1791. Bremser, Atlas, by Leblond, PI. iv. Chaussat, 

 ' Comptes Rendus/ p. 20, 1850. Cobbold, ( Catalogue of the 

 specimens of Entozoa in the Museum of the Royal College of 

 Surgeons of England/ Nos. 118121, London, 1866. Idem, 

 ' Worms,' 1. c., p. 78. Idem, " On a Cysticercus from the 

 Human Brain/' ' Brit. Assoc. Rep./ 1870. Creplin, 'Teenia 



