182 PARASITES OF MAN 



human bladder. In all my examinations I have met with this 

 little entozoon in three cases only. In two of these it was 

 only occasionally met with in the urine. In the other it 

 occurred in great numbers. Frequently from ten to fifteen ova 

 were found in a single drop of urine." 



It is important to remark, that there was no haematuria in 

 the last-named case, which Dr Salisbury describes as one of 

 " cystinic rheumatism/' or " severe cystinaemia associated with 

 rheumatism and paralysis." The patient " had been insane for 

 several years. Her urine was passed milky, with granular 

 cystine, and was dense and scanty." It is likewise added : 

 "No examination was made of the muscles after death to 

 determine whether this species burrowed in the tissue, like the 

 (Trichina) spiralis" 



So much for the principal facts recorded by Dr Salisbury. 

 His paper is accompanied by two woodcut figures of the ova 

 (X 300 diam.), and one representation of the embryo (X 1000 

 diam.). If these figures give the size correctly, the ova mea- 

 sure only about 5^," in length, by-^" in breadth, whilst the 

 embryo would be about 3^" from head to tail. 



On the 17th of May, 1872, I communicated to the Metro- 

 politan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association a 

 paper on f Bilhwrzia/ and in an Appendix to it I wrote as 

 follows : " A most interesting circumstance connected with 

 this case of ' Bilharzia' from Natal lies in the fact that I 

 obtained from the patient some other urinary parasites in the 

 egg-condition (fig. 38). On five separate occasions I obtained 

 one or more specimens of the eggs or embryos of a minute 

 nematode. In one instance there were about fifty of these ova 

 in the urine, their contained embryos being well developed and 

 in a state of activity. Usually they were all in this advanced 

 condition ; but on the 25th of July, 1870, several were observed 

 in much earlier stages of development. One of these was of a 

 triangular form ; its shape, granular contents, and clearly 

 defined limiting membrane, indicating separation from the 

 rachis within the ovarian tube. Another early form was per- 

 fectly spherical, with a well marked chorional envelope and 

 double contour. These forms measured about -~^ f in diameter. 

 The fully grown eggs observed at the same time gave a 

 longitudinal measurement of ^ 5 by y^" in breadth. On 

 adding any stimulus, such as diluted sulphuric acid, the embryos 

 moved themselves freely within the egg. After allowing the 



