258 PARASITES OF MAX 



Sav.), and the dragon-leech (8. interrupta, Moq.-Tandon). 

 The two former abound in Central and Southern Europe, being 

 also present in North Africa, the last named inhabiting Barbary 

 and Algeria. So abundant are leeches in the country bordering 

 the Mediterranean that during the invasion of Egypt by Napo- 

 leon the French soldiers suffered seriously from their attacks. 

 When the men lay down to drink, the leeches (Htemopis sangui- 

 sorba, Sav.) affixed themselves to their mouths and nostrils, 

 producing serious distress. They also attacked horses, camels, 

 and cattle. In like manner the Ceylon and Philippine Island 

 leeches (8. ceylonica, Moq.-Tand., or 8. tagalla, Meyen), of which 

 there are several varieties, prove exceedingly troublesome to 

 Europeans. These leeches, not being aquatic forms, occupy 

 woods and damp places. Unless the limbs of travellers are 

 well protected, the presence of the blood-suckers is soon dis- 

 covered by the trickling of blood from the limbs and lower part 

 of the body. The leeches even sometimes creep up to the neck 

 and other adjacent parts. These " free parasites " also attack 

 horses, causing much loss of blood. Terrestrial leeches 

 abound more or less in all warm countries. Sir J. Hooker 

 encountered them in the Himalayas, and they are common in 

 China, Japan, Java (8. Javonica, Wahlberg), and other eastern 

 parts. They likewise abound in Brazil and Chili. The Ameri- 

 can leeches for the most part belong to the genus Hsementeria 

 (H. Mexicana, H. officinalis, and H. Ghiliani, Filippi). The 

 last named is common in Brazil, the other two being Mexican 

 forms. Another species, which is blind, has been found in 

 Brazil by F. Miiller (Cyclobdella lumbricoides) . Not only the 

 above-named species, but also many other kinds of leeches are 

 in the habit of attacking man and the domestic animals, but 

 the subject is too extended and special to be fully dealt with 

 in this work. Almost a legion of species are known as exter- 

 nally parasitic upon Fishes, Chelonian and Batrachian reptiles, 

 Crustaceans, and Echinoderms. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY (No. 36). Blainville, 'Diet, des Sci. Nat./ 

 torn, xlvii, p. 257. Brandt (und Ratzeburg), ' Medicin. Zoo- 

 logie/ Bd. u.Brightwell, 'Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist./ ix, 1842. 

 Diesing, ' Syst./ vol. i, p. 465, and " Revis. der Myzelminth. 

 (Abth. Bdellideen)," in ' Sitzungsb. der math.-nat. Cl. d. k. 

 Akad. der Wissensch./ Bd. xxxiii, s. 473. Ebrard, '' Compt. 

 Rend./ 1856, p. 1012. Idem, 'Monogr. des sangues Med./ 

 1857. Filippi, De, ' Mem. Accad., &c., Torino/ and in ' S. und 



